Direct military intervention and economic pressure, undercover subversion and political coercion are the tools of imperialism against independence movements and against socialism. Listed here are the incidents of open military aggression bétween 1945 and 1970. In 1971, imperialist military intervention in Indochina, Ireland, the former Portuguese colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau continued. The violent suppression of the freedom forces in Bangla Desh by Pakistani troops, supported by the United States, has just been halted. Our compilation is based on one published in the German Dem- ocratic Republic newsweekly Horizont, where it was com- piled by Dr. Siegfried Schwarz. The map is also from that paper.

INDONESIA 1945-1949 (1)

Dutch colonialists, aided by British troops and sup- ported by the United States engaged in interventionist actions against the Republic of Indonesia founded in Au- gust 1945. ;

VIETNAM 1945-1954 (2) :

In September 1945 French troops launched armed aggression against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. After the military defeat in 1954 France was forced to withdraw and recognize the DRV’s independence in the Geneva Agreement. .

CAMBODIA 1945-1954 (3)

After Prince Sihanouk proclaimed Cambodia’s in- dependence in October 1945, French troops occupied Cambodian territory in an attempt to reinstate colonial rule. Cambodia won its sovereignty on November 9, 1953. LAOS 1945-1954 (4) ;

In October 1945 France launched an armed inter- vention in Laos which continued until 1954 when the

Geneva Agreement was signed after the defeat of the intervention forces.

MADAGASCAR 1947 (5)

The French colonial regime killed 2,000 citizens in counter revolutionary operations.

THE PHILIPPINES 1948-1951 (6) ;

The United States restored its control over the is- lands with the aid of military intervention. MALAYA 1948-1954 (7)

British military intervention against the Malayan People’s Liberation Army undermined democratic de- velopments in that country.

NAMIBIA 1949 (8)

Namibia was annexed by the Union of South Africa, thus nullifying the United Nations influence over the former German colony.

KOREAN PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 1950-1953 (9)

On June 25 the United States and South Korean gov- ernments launched armed aggression against the KPDR. A cease-fire was achieved on July 27, 1953, but the mil-

/ PACIFIC TRIBUNE—FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 1972—PAGE 10

itary oppression of the South Korean people continues. KENYA 1952-1957 (10)

British imperialism launched an armed offensive against the Movement for Independence in Kenya. GUATEMALA 1954(11) ©

Plans for expropriation of most United Fruit Com- pany holdings by the Guatemalan Party of Labor served as pretext for the intervention by the United States with mercenary forces.

ALGERIA 1954-1962 (12)

French imperialism conducted a long colonial war against the National Liberation Front and the National Liberation Army of Algeria involving more than 500,000 French soldiers. :

CYPRUS 1955-1959 (13)

British imperialism coveted this strategically im- portant island in the eastern Mediterranean and con- ducted a counter-revolutionary operation against the Freedom Movement in Cyprus.

SOUTH VIETNAM SINCE 1955 (14)

Armed aggression of unparalleled cruelty has been conducted by the United States and its South Vietnamese puppets against the National Liberation Movement, later the National Liberation Front.

OMAN SINCE 1955 (15)

Oman was occupied by the Sultan of Mascat, the puppet of British oil interests who receives his orders from British officers.

EGYPT 1956 (16)

With the help of British and French troops Israel launched open aggression against Egypt on the pretext of ‘protecting free navigation on the Suez Canal.”’ LEBANON AND JORDAN 1958 (17)

With the restoration of reactionary regimes and pressure on the new revolutionary state in Iraq as their goals, the United Statés and England began an armed in- vasion into Lebanon and Jordan.

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1958 (1 8)

Armed provocations against the PRC were launched

in the Strait of Taiwan.

A liberation fighter from Guinea-Bissau.

Chronicle of Aggression

NYASALAND (MALAWI) 1959 (19) , Malawi, a British protectorate since 1890, © fight bloody battles against British troops to wilt dependence. é i CONGO 1960-1962 (20) Belgium engaged in military intervention # the government of its former colony. The LU of government appealed for aid to the United Nat! this aid did not come forth. Lumumba and other! of the National Liberation Movement were subs? ly murdered. | CUBA 1961 (21) . Counterrevolutionary Cuban exiles invade th of Pigs under direction and with aid of the U.S. 8 ment. ANGOLA, MOZAMBIQUE, GUINEA-BISSAU | SINCE 1962 (22) P| i

The fascist imperialist regime in Portugal se armed forces to suppress the freedom movemen® three colonies.

CUBA 1962 (23)

The United States government establishes blockade against this country. SOUTH YEMEN 1963 (24) F

British punitive expeditions unsuccessfully © undermine the anti-imperialist liberation m0 in this former colony. | PANAMA 1964 (25) 3

The demand — raised directly by students” nationalization of the Panama Canal Zone, is co with numerous bloody attacks by the U.S. military: LAOS SINCE 1964 (26) a

United States forces start bombing of Laotia? and towns. 1 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM SINCE 1965 (2

U.S. imperialism has been conducting a plod! war against the DRV with the aim of destroyith socialist state.

THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1965 (28) .

American troops invade the Dominican Repu! order to overthrow the progressive government. UAR, SYRIA, JORDAN, LEBANON 1967 (29)

Israel, with the aid of the U.S., Federal Repu! Germany and Great Britain, invades these countr!!

’ later also Lebanon.

CAMBODIA AND LAOS 1969 (30)

U.S. military ground war is spread into the tories of Laos and Cambodia. : NORTH IRELAND SINCE 1969 (31) : L

British troops occupy Northern Ireland in ‘

tempt to liquidate the Civil Rights Movement.

ANGUILLA 1969 (32) Britain sent parachutists to intervene after E colonial officials had been thrown off the island by

_ ation forces.

GUINEA 1970 (33) a The fascist regime in Portugal sent military

into Guinea in an attempt to overthrow the govell of Sekou Toure:

WORLD MAG