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phies of two of them.

One is Kazuo, a gentle and gifted lad of 14*whose schoolboy aspirations and standards of conduct were twisted and ravaged by the “Pikadon” as surely as the city’s girders.

The second man Jungk tells us about is Ichiro Kawamoto, electrician, later casual labor- er, humanitarian and peace fighter.

Kawamoto embodies the in- tense personal commitment to the cause of peace which the author urges upon all of us.

* a *

The ordeal of Hiroshima’s survivors began with a raging hell of flames and tumbled corpses. For days, Jungk tells us, the city was “the site of

. a million agonies . groans, screams, whimperings

. crowds of cripples.

“Byen in the unending nights, beneath the blu ish glow reflected from the piles of corpses . . . this whimper ing, helpless hurrying hither- and-thither never stopped.”

The “Pikadon”’ was follow- ed within weeks by the worst floods the city had known in centuries. After the floods, by a bitter irony, came thirst, for the water system had been severely damaged by the bomb.

Hunger, bordering on fam- ine came next. Thousands were reduced to a powder made of potato leaves and “railway grass”. “WE STARVE!” cried Hiroshima’s great 1946 May Day banner.

Meanwhile the radiation sickness became ever more serious among the survivors. But efforts of doctors and scientists to deal with it were blocked by policies of the

U.S. Occupation. aie

These policies are the chief political target of Jungk’s book; and indeed they are a study in undeviating cruelty

and oppression. * *

To begin with MacArthur's

headquarters immediately iron-curtained Hiroshima and Nagasaki from the world.

In Japan, John Hersey’s book and most Japanese writ- ings on Hiroshima were sup- pressed, aS was a documen- tary filmed within weeks of

‘ the attack.

Worst of all, the Occupa- tion silenced the handful of scientists who knew what was happening in the bodies of the survivors. Until the end of the MacArthur rule in 1952 “no exact reports on the nature of the chronic radia- tion sickness were available even in Hiroshima,” Jungk reports. ;

As a result, “thousands went on living with the after- effects of Pikadon at work within their organisms.” The symptoms ranged from retch- ing and headaches to leuke- mia, hemorrhage and eye damage.

The ultimate cruelty came when the U.S. Atom Bomb Casualty Commission at last set up in Hiroshima a superb clinic, staffed with experts on radiation diseases, to ex- amine the victims, to diag- nose and catalogue their agonies, but not to administer so much as an aspirin to a single sufferer!

Jungk suggests that the true purpose of the clinic was

purely military; to assess the

medical results of atomic at-

tack so as to gain advantage in a contemplated future war. * * 5 Not only medical care but housing as well was denied the survivors. Jungk contends housing was and remains to- day their primary need. Yet these helpless thous- ands are still jammed in the “atomic slums,” an environ- ment in which treatment is useless and recovery impos- sible. Again, the U.S. Occu- pation bears responsibility. Hiroshima was denied funds for rebuilding, Jungk notes, because MacArthur’s headquarters held that any special help would “imply an indebtedness, perhaps even an admission of guilt.” Jungk’s basic thesis, im- plicit throughout the book and openly stated in its final

‘sentence, is that men and

women must dedicate them- selves, as did his hero, Ichiro Kawamoto, to. the fight against atomic’ war: “Let every man find his own way to fight for the preservation of life. Only: this must be his most serious and even sacred task.”’

To this thesis, decent peo- ple can only say, “Amen.” But what Jungk’s book does not express, what he may not even understand fully, is the potential of the great mass of the people. in motion, guided and inspired by the most dis-

iroshima

ciplined section, the organ- ized workers.

This is the engine—crude, mixed in motivation, but irresistible — that shapes history; this is the force that can muzzle the slavering dogs of war.

* * *

But Jungk’s book serves the cause of peace well, and the cause of peace today is the single great cause.

His moving account of the toll of a single primitive A- bomb exposes the fraud of the civil defense experts who propose to issue helmet liners against Hell.

Hiroshima teaches us that a new atomic. war would deny mankind even the mercy of sudden death, could make of the earth not “a totally dead desert,’ but “a single huge hospital, a world in which everyone was sick or wounded.

For decades, and even for centuries . . the survivors would go on dying .. .”

In the unique heat of the Pikadon, Jungk tells us in a quiet, charged passage, the very stones of the city “wept” or “bled.”

That is, the inner core forced its way through the lighter surface material ‘‘to merge as boils or sores.’

Here is the measure of atomic war; even inorganic rock undergoes a_ frightful transformation.

And thus even the mute, tragic, leprous stones of Hiro- shima find utterance in this powerful book, joining the cry of the Children of the Ashes for peace and an end forever to nuclear explosions everywhere in the world.

—FRANKLIN DAY, PEOPLE’S WORLD

The Czechoslovak Skoda works was recently granted an order for trolley-buses in Brazil. The firm won the order over bids from Ameri- can, British, West German, Italian and Japanese firms.

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how it at ordinary a © in all walks

of life committed and toler- ated the appalling crimes per- petrated during the Hitler period; at a second level the film poses a question | which is perhaps even more import- ant for today: Given that the western world must defend itself against communism (and this idea is accepted as self-evident), can it do so. if it relies on the aid and assist- ance of the.old nazi war crim- inals?

The film ends with the bleak statement on the screen: “Of the 99 war crim- inals sentenced in 1949 in the second Nuremberg Trials, not one is today serving his sen- tence.”

Here are some short ex- tracts from reviews of the film “Judgment at Nurem- bere” in the British press:

“The Times”: “This is a film which, while it appeals. as it cannot help doing, to the emotions, is primarily a matter of intellectual argu- ment — and the argument, of vital importance then, is still of vital importance today _, . A film which. judged hv any standards. is a brave and formidable achievement.”

“Daily Express’: “From America to Nuremberg comes a small lawyer (Spencer Tracy) to preside over the trial of four Nazi judgeson charges of having manipulat-

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ed Hitler’s foul judicial sys- tem and sent scores of people to their deaths. And once he reaches Nuremberg the Am- erican military mission is quick to hint what is expected of him. . ee

‘The Germans are our allies now, don’t stir up too much mud’, he is told. From all sides the pressures begin to squeeze. : :

Marlene Dietrich, widow of a nazi general hanged for. war crimes ... gently assures him that though the Nazi leaders were beasts the German peo- ple knew absolutely nothing about what was going on. I shall not forget this film for a long time.”

May 25, 1962—PACIFIC TRIBUNE—Page 9

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“Daily Worker’: At last — a really powerful film that takes an uncompromising stand, not only against naz- ism, but against the apologists for nazism in West Germany today.

There are many formula- tions -in this film with which readers of this paper will not. agree ._.. but these are sub- Sidiary issues compared with the overwhelming force of the film’s unshakable and dramatic attack on the policy of ‘forgive and forget’. ‘Judgment at Nuremberg’ is the outstanding American film of the year.”

And here is a comment from the West Berlin news- paper “Der Tagesspiegel”: “Did Stanley Kramer realise that the film will make it difficult for millions of people to avoid being unfairly influ- enced against the Germany of today. This film is a bitter dish. One must ask oneself for whom it was prepared.” (The writer of this review, Karl Silex, was himself a leading nazi journalist).