72 VEER pers Chnadian li Ta With Os the V: Weincians /8/7 CHIPEWYAN Fort. Vermilion 180 fe ENSSO yo arenes peis tay PA :. We tetiyres iy Wes tem Indians ees LAND ea e xfordtouse/798 . f “ Woons CREE B=) Norway Hi =e waeayouse (euperes : So SSS Capt.Patliser reporta that the Rockies % Sane impassable LiF ly Rie saneoe ASSINIBOIA Le 4, Ov/B iy reas Tyt6 Portage: Praanie as 4 ; on Oman kn Sian route of the nk Arandon Ho. Poty— Fert Garry =} fur brigades- Montreal @remecas RE OEP i ae Rapa ee ; This was Canada west of Montreal at the time Ghat (owe Cee” tn sleecece of Confederation, 1867. afer tha Minneso massacre /862 yt tes skonoun Ria % the Great West 710 aunrd Re 8 =. t p? Fort Se PierrBT RED (Fort fr William, Se 1800. HAT DO you know about Canada? The very origin of its name, for instance. The name Canada may have been derived from any one of, five sources. It may have come from the Algonquin word cantata, which means welcome, or from the Iroquois word cantha, which means a collection of huts. Or it may have come from one of three European languages, from the Spanish acanada, meaning nothing here, from the Por- tuguese canada, meaning nar- row passage or from the Bas- que canal, which also means narrow passage. Toronto derives its mame _ from the Iroquois word gar- unta, meaning tree, and. Win- nipeg from the Cree words win, meaning dirty, and nape, meaning water. And what about the Canadian emblems, ‘the beaver and the maple leaf ? Canada’s first national em- blem was the beaver, originally suggested by a governor of New -France in 1673 and generally used until 1821. In that year the Hudson’s Bay and North- west fur companies amalgam- ated, diverting the fur trade from the historic St. Lawrence route to Hudson Bay. After that, the merchants of Mon- treal,, who lost heavily as a result of the shift, looked with disfavor on the beaver as an emblem, The maple leaf was in- creasingly substituted as the Canadian emblem. In 1834 it was accepted by the St. John the Baptist Society and in 1867 it was formally accepted as the national emblem. And O Canada? Do you know who composed it ? It was composed by Calixa Lavallee, the son of a blacksmith at Vercheres, Quebec. . The first slave in Canada - was a Negro boy from Mad- agascar who was brought to Quebec in 1629 and sold for 50 ecus (an ecu in New France was roughly the equivalent of 25 livres and a livre was orig- First Staameron & Ret River 1862 & How well do you know Can: inally equivalent to a pound of silver but subsequently de- teriorated to about 20 cents). The last slave in Canada was John Baker, who was brought to this country by Robert Gray, first solicitor-general of Upper Canada, in 1792 and died at Cornwall, Ontario, in 1871 at the age of 105 years. Slavery was abolished in Upper Canada in 1793 and in Lower Canada in 1805. The first school established at Rivers, Quebec. The school in Nova Scotia opened in 1780 and the first school in Upper Canada in 1785. The Petit Seminaire of Quebec had as its first class in 1668 eight French and six Indian boys. in Canada Three first was was a? The first library in Canada was that established at Quebec in 1779 by Governor-General Frederick Haldimand. It was called a public library although it charged a fee and annual . dues to members. And the first novel to have been published in Canada was St. Ursula’s Convent written by Frances Brooke, wife of an army chaplain, and printed at Kingston, Ontario, in 1824. Justice in the new China ONE OF the most striking things about China is the breathtaking speed with which its people are building a new and happy life for themselves, replacing the misery and squalor of the old days. Not least of the achieve- ments of the Chinese people in these few short years is the creation of a completely new system of justice. So hated and‘discredited was the old system of law, because of the cruelty and injustices which it. brought to the people, that it was considered neces- sary to abolish it entirely and build something quite new. By now there is a well- established system of people’s courts, readily accessible to all, whose personnel are trusted servants of the people, apply- ing the laws’ which have been passed and their state. This in : . . bd itself is a stupendous achieve- ment. Every case, whether civil or criminal, is first heard by a court consisting of three judges, the chairman being a full-time judge and the other two being ordinary working people, each of whom performs his judical function for about i2 days at a time: Appeals are dealt with by a court con- sisting of three full-time judges. a Taking part in the day-to- day work of the courts is not the only method whereby the people participate in the. ad- ministration of justice in China. They also actively share the work of making the laws them- . Selves. There does not yet exist a coniplete body of written laws but certain sections of human relationships have been cover- ed by such as the Trade Union specific comprehensive laws, Law, Agarian Reform Law and cer- the Marriage Law, the tain Labor laws. Such laws are discussed in draft .by the whole people in their various organisations and if necessary amended as a re- sult of such discussions. Any good system of justice must make adequate provision for-the protection of the rights of the individual citizens, in particular the right of freedom from unlawful arrest. In China these rights are laid down in the constitution and they are protected by the Pro- eurators’ departments. June 29, 1956 — There ate three levels of Procurators — supreme, pro- vincial and district — and in all there are more than 2,000 precurator’s departments. The arrest of any person must be reported to the appro- piate procurator’s department within 24 hours and the facts must then be investigated by the department. If the arrest is wrongful, the procurator orders a release. If not, the procurator takes steps to bring the arrested person to to trial, and he will then be either convicted and sentenced, or acquitted and released by decision of the court. The duties of the procurators include that of supervising the functions of all government departments, local organs of the state to ensure due obser- vance of law. PACIFIC TRIBUNE — PAGE Il