While

J" & statement released July’ 9

nine world-famous scientists,
including the late Albert Ein-
Stein, appealed to the nations to
Sreswear war because the hydro-
gen bomb threatens “the contin-
Wed existence of mankind.’
Signers besides Einstein. were
Profs. Percy W. Bridgman and
Hermann J. Muller of the U.S.,
Betrand Russell and Profs. Cecil
F. Powell and Joseph Rotblatt of
Britain, Prof. Hideki Yukawa of
Japan, Prof. Frederic Joliot-Curie

of France and Prof. Leopold In-

feld of Poland.

Copies of the statement were
Sent to President Dwight Eisen-
hower, Premier Nicolai Bulganin
of the USSR, Prime Minister An-
thony Eden of Britain, President

€ne Coty of France, Chairman

80 Tse-tung of the Chinese Peo-
Pie's Republic, and Prime Minis-
ter Louis St. Laurent of Canada

heads of countries that have
aquired or soon will acquire
Nuclear armaments.

This is the text of the state-
Ment.

JN the tragic situation which

Confronts humanity, we feel
that scientists should assemble
TH conference to appraise the
Perils that have arisen as a re-
Sult of the development’ of weap-
NS of mass destruction, and to
“scuss a resolution in the spirit
of the appended draft.

. ‘© are speaking on this occa-

“ion, not as members of this or

that Nation, continent. or creed,
Ut as human beings, members

of the species man, whose con-
tinued existence is in doubt. The

World is full of conflicts; and,

pershadowing all minor conflicts

the titanic struggle between com-

Wnism and anti-communism. ;

, Almost everybody who is poli-

Beally conscious has strong feel-

‘h8s about one or more of these

‘sues; ‘but we want you, if you
“aN, to set aside such feelings

and Consider: yourselves only as

wheepers of a biological species
hich has had a remarkable his-
Ty, and whose disappearance
One of us can desire.

Wor, Shall try to say no single
otd which should appeal to one
TOup rather than to another. All,

De ‘ally, are in peril, and if the
Til is understood, there is hope

“9 Bt they may collectively. avert

: We have to learn to think in
to new way. We have to learn
Tse ourselves, not what steps
Vict be taken to give military
Dre” to whatever group we
such for there no longer are
tp . Steps; the question we have
a 4SK ourselves is: what steps
tory ~ taken to prevent a mili-
mu Contest of which the issue
Th € disastrous to all parties?
Many ,2eneral public, and even
ty, fo we8 in position of authori-
he re not realized what would
do, sVolved in a war with nuclear
think.’ _ The general public still
tion vet terms of the oblitera-
that se Cities. It is understood
Powe © new bombs are more
hile wt than the old, and that,
Hiroe’ A-bomb could obliterate
liter ima, one H+bomb could ob-
as ag the largest eities, such
cow don, New York and Mos-

*

ate doubt in an H-bomb war
But acities would be obliterated.
astey 1s is one of the minor dis-
Freed, that would have to be
New y If everybody in London,
fermi ork and Moscow were ex-
the ated the world might in
Teg ettse of a few centuries
diy from the blow. But we

- Biking Now, especially since the

i. test, that nuclear bombs
re adually spread destruction
hag AS Very much wider area than
Tt jc 2 Supposed.
rity S Stated on very good auth-
Manus at_a bomb can now be
t erred which will be 2,500
destn, *S Powerful as that which
sucved Hiroshima,
the g,,,* bomb, if exploded near
tadio-a, Und or under water, sends
Upper Clive particles jinto. the
ang apa They sink gradually
8th the surface of the

Can

fan STATEMENT OF THE NINE SCIENTISTS

The cloud

over humanity

earth in the form of deadly dust race. It is feared that if many

or rain. It’ was this dust which
infected the Japanese fishermen
and their catch of fish.

No one knows how widely such
jethal radioactive particles might
be diffused, but the best authori-
ties are unanimous in saying that
a war with H-bombs might quite
possibly put an end to the human

BERTRAND RUSSELL

H-bombs are used there will be
universal death — sudden only
for a minority, but for the ma-
jority a slow torture of disease
and disintegration.

Many warnings have been ut-
tered by eminent men of science
and. by authorities in military
strategy. None of them will say

LEOPOLD INFELD

that the worst results are certain.
What they do say is that these
results are possible.

We have not yeti found that
the views of experts on this ques-
tion depend in any degree upon
their politics or prejudices. They
depend only, so far as our re-
searches have revealed, upon the
extent of the particular expert’s

ALBERT EINSTEIN
PACIFIC TRIBUNE — JULY 22, 1955 — PAGE 9

knowledge. We have found that
the men who know most are tthe
most gloomy.

*

Here, then, is |the problem
which we present to you, stark
and dreadful, and inescapable;
shall we put an end to the human

"race; or shall mankind rendunce

War?

People will not face this al-
ternative because it is so diffi-
cult to abolish war.

The abolition of war will de
mand distasteful limitations of
national sovereignty. But . what
perhaps impedes understanding
of the situation more than any-
thing else is that the term “man-
kind” feels vague and abstract.

People scarcely realize in im-
sgination that the danger is te
themselves and their children
and their grandchildren, and not
only to a dimly apprehended
humanity. They can. scarcely
bring themselves to grasp that
they, individually, and those
whom they love are in imminent
danger of perishing agonizingly.
And so they hope that perhaps
war may be allowed to continue
provided modern weapons are
prohibited.

This hope is illusory. Whatever
agreements not to use H-bombs
had been reached in time of
peace, they would no longer be
considered binding in time of
war, and both sides would set
to work to manufacture H-bombs
as soon as war broke out, for, if
one side manufactured the bombs
and the other did not, the side
that manufactured them would
inevitably be victorious.

Although an agreement to re-
ounce nuclear weapons as part
uf a general reduction of arma-
ments would not afford an ulti-
mate-solution, it would serve cer-
tain important purposes.

First: any agreement between
East and West is to the good in
so far as it tends to diminish ten-
sion.

Second: the abolition of ther-
monuclear weapons, if each side
pelieved that the other had ear-
ried it put sincerely, would les-
sen the fear of a sudden attack
in the style of Pear] Harbor,
wv hich at present keeps both sides.
1n a state of nervous apprehen-
sion.

We should, therefore, welcome
such an agreement, though only
as a first step,

Most of us are not neutral in
feeling, but, as human beings,
we have to remember that, if the
issues between East and West
are to be decided in any manner
that can give any possible satis-
faction to anybody, whether com-
munist or anti-communist, wheth-
or Asian or European or Ameri-
can, whether white or black, then
these issues must not be decided
by war. We should wish this to
be understood, both in the East
«nd in the West.

There lies before us, if we
choose, continual progress in
happiness, knowledge and wis-
Heo a We, instead, choose
ceath, because we
id quarrels? —s

ye appeal, as human bein
to human beings: remember ai
humanity and forget tht rest. If
you can do so, the way lies open
to 4 new paradise; if you cannot
tere lies before the risk of uni-
versal death.

We invite this congress (to be
convened), and through it the
scientists of the world and the
general public, to subscribe to
‘he following resolution:

“In view of the fact that in
any future world war nuclear
Weapons will] certainly be em-
ployed, and that such weapons
threaten the continued existance
0 mankind, we urge the govern-
ments of the world to realize, and
to acknowledge publicly, that
their purposes cannot be furth-
eved by a world war, and we
urge them, consequently, to find
Peaceful means for the settle-
ment of all matters of dispute
between them.

Charl oa

ee oe