4 5 1 a 5 us in = eh * S ue os “ Pan xs of oe: ey oe . nf . State Ee erga ye ef AMET - publicto make broad assertions about therelativa merits af thetwo-.' |. systems and itis much preferable to discuss them only inrelalion ~~ ’ public, Ler om ees. of Aa i Is Clear Fe Y ALLAN MOSS + CONSULTING FORESTER ANADIAN F ORESTHY ASSOCIATION OF B.C. “Jt seems to meé that much of the public discussion about our . forests and the Waysin which we manage them is over-simplified. Perhaps this is only a natural state of affairs in a society which is presented: with simplified versions of a wide range of subjects through various media of communication. However, whilst sim- plification is a haridy method of getting a message act'oss to the we: should not ‘lose sight of the fact that the forest en- vironment is:made-up of a vast and complex web of interesting components, <“Very.few forestry issues are simple and most solutions require goud knowledge and sound judgment on the part of the forester. "For thia reason, the forester and forest technician ‘peceive education inmany sciences. It ls required of the forester that he consider the effects of his mangement and operations from many points of view before he makes decisions. The methods used for felling trees ls a.casein point and I would like briefly to discuss this‘ aspect of foresiry. . Ba, 7 We hear verbal attack nowadays on the practice of clear felling . our forests, especially from those who express .a ‘strong concern © forthe ‘future of the erivironment.. The recommended substitute which some people have pul forward is ‘selection felling’. Almost - all felling systema. are either a form of clear felling or. form, of © seleclicn felling.: For example, “patch logging” in which patches af : trees are left. standing in an area cleared of timber and “strip _ logging” In which narrow strips of forest are cut down with un- touched forest belween them are forms of clear-cutting. Included © in selection felling are a variety of systems of varying sophistication, including single tree felling, felling of small groups of trees, “sanitation” felling for the removal of individual weakencd and diseased trees, and so on. I should say at the oulset that Lar a forester who strongly belieyes:in a sound ecological and silvicultural approach to forest practice, recognizing thal we in British Columbia and Canada must utilise ow’ forests to support our way of life, As such, I hold that. clear felling and selection . felling are both appropriate systems offelling,a preference for one * or the other being dependent on the particular forest area complex with which ‘the forester is involved. - re “. A year or so ago, the Sierra Club circulated a paper by a United _ States forester which argued in favour: of. selection felling and against. clear felling. The controversy over which. system, is preferable is not new and gees hack lo the early German and French schools of forestry. As mentioned previously, I believe that - the felling system to be used should depend upon the particular forest which is ta be felled, Both sets of systems have their. place ‘and, in my. view, it is liable Lo be dangerous and misleading Lo the . lo specific forest situations. - . ' In lhe Southern Interlor,.at the lower elevations, we find forests ©. of ponderesa pine and Douglas Fir and within these forests we find ° variations in ecological conditions. In the Okanagan area of these _lermed “high-grading") was employed in which only. trees: of larger size and of goodcormmercial value were cul. This form of felling possesses the inherent danger of progressively lowering the “vigour of the forest by removing trees of better genelic quality and "leaving trees of poorer quality. The Norwegians found just alter ‘the Second World War, thal their selection cutting sytem had, over ‘a’. period of 100 years lowered the growth rates of lhe pine and spruce forests ‘by about, one-third, .@. situation’ which: has been described ag the “green illusion’. 0 20: : “Boll ponderosa pine and Tougias fir are ‘gh “‘demandere"” and -Bunlight.thyar Ji: ive better with:thelr crowns exposéd:(d fi shade. . Normally, this tree characteristic would tend to favour a ‘elear felling system but clear felling in this part of the Okanagan forests: presents a distinet ‘problem. — Itwas-found upon -in- ““yestigation that on open ground (after clear felling) that exiremely high ground surface temperatures occurred under‘direct sunlight, ‘quite high enough to Kill natural seedlings and requiring special, stly techniques when planting trees raised in a forest nursery. ete'are many other factors affecting a choice of felling system in ese forests, : To cut a long slery short, a selection syslem = of ling should be adopted.in which some gocd quality and most puor uality ‘trees are removed, the objective being to leave a stand of ood vigour; suitably spaced and structured to permit goad growth. id providing sufficient shade Lo the ground surface to permit the . tural establishment of tree seedlings, ‘ Poa ‘Lwouldemphasize again thal there are many those mentioned affecting the choice of a felling system in these rests; To give one example, small populations of insects injuriaus 6 trees, always exist ."Two of these are the Douglas fir-bayk beetle né the Western pine bark beetle... These insects breed readily in “fresh logging slash,.in logs or drying'trees and, if they reach epidemicnumbersthey will often attack and kill healthy trees. The logging operation, consequently, includes special. measures to spose of logging slash. Carehas to be taken, in selecting trees for #felling, to remave low vigour trees which can serve as “ingubator rees for breeding insects. . vs . ae . -4°"Thé Douglas fir bark beetle characteristically altacks trees.in a “widely scattered way and will often continue year afler year to, kill, altered individual trees, It is extremely difficult and very costly les in the Interior.of our Prov \ with alpine fir (misnamed balsam) considerably variations in the ° he white o “hinds most of hese atLempts have not been successful. The major - “:prablem has been that the opening of the forest canopy permitted “the wind to exert more pressure on [he remaining indivudal trees, The'small root systems were unable te anchor the trees in the ground ‘against these new wind pressures and heavy blawdown of “trees-frequently orcurced. The same effect can also occur along . ihe margins of clearcul areas, most often to 8 much less serious, extent, especially if the clear cut has been designed wilh this problem In mind with the margins angled against prevalling winds. :Miny-of. the trees remaining standing after, a selection felling suffered damage from surescald. In the dark interior of the sudden exposure {o sunlight heated and killed the bark on the ex- posed sides of the trunk, Also, the thin bark of spruce, alpine flr and’ lodgepole. plne-renders them more easily damaged . by mechanical logging equipment lhan, for example, the thick barked Douglas-fir and-ponderosa pine, a situation which is potentially much more serious in a selection felling than in a cleareut (since Ihe stand left after selection logging may have bark injury, per- \ * mitting infection by virus and fungal diseases and if damage is “serious enough to reduce sap pressure ina tree, lethal insect al- tacks may-oceur.) It these.forests (and we , areas}, they is apparent to me (hal, if we are to utilise If the alm is to obtain. natural yoahe, Be Beers oe ba mt Ff Fa a Be forests, inthe past, aprimitive form of selection felling (sometimes ~ - “Kemano 2— tam writing ia response to a | factors in’addition ' “ember? ) it’s quite a feat.” fellings have been used with success in some areas. -The-strips’ have ta be carefully Jaid out to minimise the dangers ‘of wind damage to the untouched forest and to avoid long dally exposure of the ground surface to sunlight (which will frequently: be lethal to newly-germinated seedlings.) For natural regineration of spruce, it is frequently necessary to disturb the layer of duff and expose mineral soll, since the layer may be too thick to permit penetration ‘of the seedlings' roots lo reach mineral soil. ‘An alternative to strip- felling can be the clear-felling of larger areas and planting them with trees, A forest condition favouring such an approach might be, for example, a very old stand of trees which isin the process of dying. -F personally feel that some clearcuts I have seen are toa - large under the conditions prevailing but there are particular situations in which they are well justified. . Lodgepole pine, especially when past maturity, is susceptible to a heavy death rate from the attacks of the Mountain-Pine Beetle and such attacks will frequently lend support ta clear cutting. Another factor Lo be coasidered in an old mixed stand is that lodgepole pine ': will usually die fronvéld age before the spruce knd, when it is see” that this process is about to occur, a decision'on when and how-to fell'the stand is. usually required. Modern management usually . : ‘plans the felling of such stands before this critical stage is reached but; over large areas we have very old (aver matura) forest which is impractical and imwise to altempt to log at a very rapid rate. since tinder a sustained yield forest mangement policy’wa‘must - " adjust the rate of cutting with the rate-of growth for the particular region involved. | © oN ; oe, In an ‘article of this length, ithas net been possible to go into all of . the aspects of what-kind of felling we should be using in a given | locality. [hope that the new brief examples { have given will bring home to the reader that there is no one solution: On eof the main tasks of the forester is to study the situation and to select a feiling system suitable to the conditions. I should add that these actions - shouldtake place within an overall sustained yield policy. Whilst- forest: management is besel with many problems in achieving and maintaining desirable standards of operation, we should not fail into the trap of equating particular systems of elling to damage to the environment (damage which is all toc frequently . over-exaggerated) ‘without understanding the reasons why -a particularsystem may have been employed.’ So long as we manage our forests in asénse of working with nature rather than against it, , “forestry -will ‘produce: and maintain’ an ‘overall pleasing. en- . “vironment for many of.the uses ‘to which our foresls are put, In-., cluding recreations) "00-2000 te : “Aluininum Co: of Canada, who ° hold-the water’ licences on the Thie Editor, Dear Siri news item.on the Kemano 2 power development in: the ‘August, 14th, 1874, edition ofthe 5 ¥ ne OC Herald? ts * ae ly, your paper shows its bias by editorializing a riews report rather than limiting such comments to your editorial page. - - ; If l read the report correctly, you are saying that the Kemano 2 development: should be en- couraged to go-ahead, and it really is the -perogative of the power plant at Kemano are desirable or not. 1 understand that a water license is a‘ con- however, in this: instance, a very poor decision was made In the early 1950's. by:. the. .then - Gavernment in -power te grant. furlher water licenses to Alean ~The granting, of hese future ‘act between two people, - The upcoming Labour Day weekend gives Terrace _and British Columbia residents their last chance of the summer to kill themselves on the highway. »! Thelastiong weekend, early in August saw another - thirty or so jump on the band wagon and join the thousands that have done themselves in with ex- cessive alcohol, excessive. speed: and excessive stupidity. "" - - book i if you're thinking you don’t have a whole lot to. contribute to this city or this province and that you might:-as well go play steering wheel roulette you | -won’t get any argument from us. You're probably Tight. When you do ‘yourself in though try to be by yourself with no other.cars or pedestrians near-by. That way the only one we'll miss is you. . For those of you who want to get in on the growing number of participants:in steering wheel roulette, here's a few tips:. >. * Try getting in your car with a belly full of beer. : for future expansion of its ‘power plant at Kemano. . . Should it be found that the benefits of going ahead with this llcenses. were without. the *kind of development are. out- benefit of environmental. and = weighed“ by the benefits of social studies: If the water -leaving.the Morice River licenses in question are binding, «system “in‘its present natural ~ stale, then, the Government in- made: by: the Gov'l: in power “ypowfen should have the: 4 Ssar Hie: be Suen re ge iit ve Mogic. In destroying: ond esaitece to benefit ‘another and: SUis exactly «what: would: jappen. should the Kemané 2 > project go-ahead. The. Tourist that I am represénting, does not - accept the. position that. these water licenses: cannot ibe ré negotiated. “i ~pilsmiley © SFOOTNOTES FOR A‘ * after Commencement, last - -. SUMMER BUMMER June. One: of the teachers . by Bill Smiley hada party. | + ‘Teachers;:> after’ Com." mencement, ‘ate - somewhat. similar ta Magellan's saitors, ° 1] dan’i-know about you, “but we've had a real whizzer _- ofa summer. Just a mad, |. gay, ‘The Great Gatsby sort” ofthing, ¢ 0 . You know whiat F mean. : “You've “been. “through it. . Loitering by the pool with ., an. extradry magtini- and... the goldén. girls “undulating” ~ past with so -little on, that. _ your eyeballs.pop out and splinter your sun. glasses.” -’. Enchanting. evenings on -..- the. beach, waves lapping, » «the Tie glowing embers, and ©» .-jn cone “of {he’ end-tables ‘as. : "just the twenty-four of you. ~" pis as: your eye..when na‘ Night) and) mystery, and.” big as -your..cye,.when na _ romance. (By the way, did you, ever try -to glow an months to round Cape'Homm, find ‘themselves “a Pacific Ocean and d tropical island: - Tt wasa good party, as “parties go, and ‘they go too ~ long: However, as we say in . . ‘the * game- when | we -don’t'~ quite know “whit ¢lse~ to with our resident artist, who: came. infor *.some, hot “process of ’ cigarette.” + And speaking of feat, the. .- 1 think that started the only lapping I've. heard this _. summer is. our. abysmally « *. stupid cat lapping the sweat ~ off my feet. He seems to dike it, —- probably has a salt’ deficiency problem — _. dnd 1 must admit it gives: me a strange, perverse thrill. ‘Perhaps by now you - realize that in my own far” fromr "subtle way, 1° am suggesting that: we've had a. |; ‘about fools und ‘feet today * but don't-let it bother you. Well, to: gei: back' to our, swinging, summer social life, ~ it's been: something. We've been Ro: do funeral arid a” wedding. I've: never had so. much kissing in my lifes °~" “in ‘a sense,’ it: was-also a - who,. after. battling. six. Ist os : 2 = a lucid explanation of low * -/ ~ycolryingto talk him into going, say, we accepted aride home”: - - chocolate and burned'a hole -- vane” was fooking, “in the utting owl a... fv J UMGRS 8: a P go >> whether he Kas to dig a grave. - summer'an the wrong foot. © ~ ] seem to - have ca fetish" - While the funeral was sad,> ne wedding, quite ‘a few of the “guests, ranging from suckling ; ~~" brhes to‘ grandmathars, were » former students; 06 22 ShecT dike to: see them" and“: tlk: to-thenr, John Heis an’: ccartist wha-gave me, Lthink, ‘: \ woot whose’ theme is :‘Awakeness. We should -cafl. our. schools - Assieepness. oS i. Alf Great to be young. - “" .: Nonetheless, somebody: : must carry the-blasted torch. ive been swimming lwice. * [-have. driven’ past the. golf ‘lub’ ence:.1've -been.. fishing - . anes. cand. caught! three, > crappies: My wife:just brake » three’ ribs.:. We've heen wait ing’ for’ the roofer: for three: weeks, re “A che is: trying tocambine the. purely: visual, the abstract; ° - cand is: own: consciousness, "+ . John, M., ‘on: the other hand: ~_ Was about ‘to chead for the. Wes! CGasl, but someone was. {o Germany instead.) _! Margaret sang some songs hat makethe ripples-g6.up, “gnd‘ down your spine: St hus-< granny. “glasses. -and ; reat eri 4 +. Lewis agrave-dig, twenty-five, bucks’? day: or. not. He, offered ‘mo ja... - special-deal, on some waste- . ~ land -behind the cemetery.- > In’ September he’s aff to. England td’ study; how ‘to, , ~ asd’ her husband are arciving : with twenty retarded adults whom they've been retrain-° ing. for a pienic..in- the - study back yard.) teach fia special school . Especially when you're tired and it’s late at night and such a controversial project. _ ~ Development; It should’ -be -. pointed: Soul. -that-if. the: {.4o> ™: . . If that is “what' Northwest “development is all about, then I “ 7.-am’ sure: there will be many - people supporting the position _ of the Steelhead Society of B,C. In _ regards: to “Northwest development,’ it’ is“ difficult’to.. understand the: mania’ for > massive economic expansion af the region.’ Fora person to. -eome into Terrace for-the first .- time -and: listen. and ‘read ‘the -.” yews reports, they would get (he ;-. impression, that we who live in: ~ this’ part “of. the country are - living a subsistance kind of life _, when in fact, Terrace and most ~. of the..olher Northwest com- munilies have as high a stan- “2 dard .of Ilving’as' most of the bigger. cities in. B.C. "’- Instead of your paper pushing . ‘for the .‘boom-town’ type af “economy for the Northwest, you ‘should -be encouraging the establishment: of ligh | environmental and social going ahead. “If ‘stable com- -munities and the way of life that * most people-have-cometo ex-' - pect of this part of the world are. _ Boing to continue, thorough.. planning, which takes into | -consideration’ the. long, term, | social, environment as well'as ” the economic benefits to the people of B.C. must take place,” complete, ‘the ‘general punlie, thorough. * studies: prior o ‘any projects ‘For this planting process'to be: - must, have. an’ opportimity: tol. participate In this planning, . . ¢ *. Contrary-'to the pasition of - ‘your. paper,in. its.editorial of} - ugust:21;:1974, all (he: people! 2 who live in the Northwest.do no -esupport «the, ides of arapid CeeEaely ~ Saat 4 percent aveldpment“of the area’. .Wa int - ‘the’ Steeltiéad Society ‘sippor the: position af the. Provincial: -Gavernment in, holding: ‘furtheri “public meetings. In fact we hold! the position that too-maly pre- emptive decisions have already! _been-made, such as thé C:N.P.y ‘extension from Terrace, ©), - Our. organization ; disagrees enlirely with .therGaicept off deciding“ on ‘a’ “project. going ahead prior to the completion of _adequate . environmental and social studies. = 5 . _ We hope’sthat.-any future developments for the North will be’ based?on- thorough ent: vironmental; :.social and" economic analysis and studies,’ rather than - upon’ emotional’ demands and lobbying from” those who may be well meaning in-their efforts but; not. totally informed as..to ihe :results ‘of: Aheir actions... : “Yours truly dim Culp, “President 4 - The Steelhead Soclety of British Columbia — ; : (Terrace, B.C.) roo [TURN ONS YOUR GIRL IS MOODY, ‘| BUT PRE- DICTABLE 2 SHE ALWAYS MAKES UP = HER FACE, - BUT NEVER '- HER AAIND, - Wok Bea. | original farest the heavilyshaded barkhad remained thin and ils. have little choice but to.do so over large - i should ‘be clear-felled. As mentioned, there are: “:'yarlous. clear felling cholces. “ regeneration and assuming that this aim conforms to forest con- ditions, it Is usually, logical to, clear -fell ismall: areas. and -strip* [bummer ofa summerf : And, you are absglutely,. _ without, “qualification, one: hundred.” and “twenty-four. ry > per cantright. ‘Oliy,don’t think it’s been a complete waste of thine, We've: yged | two Years: in’ :-,- two months, which is quite a feat. There's thit word oo again, Feet’? We lying around, ‘watching the grass grow. This would, in any case, he. difficult, since It does not grow after about the 20th of June. But the, dandelions are prett vthoug short-lived, and: the -wild clover has a certain charm. No. “we've. been: \ "first time: in: a couple: of - haven’t ‘just been » due? No. “we've. quite: . it aelivel socially: Half'started? *; family reunion, in,another::-° +": “Nephews | and -iecos 1) 2 the Fou 4 . “shaven't seen-in years. And. The Four Way aos Test. “four of the five Smileys all together “at once,’ for the ‘ a Met de The wee Colonel. ; Of the things we think, owas, in.Germany.:And-the +. . wake Had.a:good-touch of - Irish in it, iL you follow me. |. “And the wedding was" a: "~ pretty ‘good shot, too, even * though we: discovered the .. “happy couple had. been marrled several hours before, . io some © stupid, — 3. ridiculous statute: | gol to * kiss not only the hride, but "Is it the TRUTH? concerned?” ; Will it build GOOD — WILL and BETTER ~ FRIENDSHIPS? Sayer do, ; Is It FAIR to all. a ee VERT | GORDON'W.- HAMILTON" PAT O‘DONAGHY...” KAREN LANGLEY: “; ae eons CIRCULATION”: . 635-6357 hed by Sterling Publications Ltd: 7 _ Published every Wednesday at 3212 Kalum St, ‘-” Terrace, B.C, A member of. Varifled clrcutalion. :;-' _ Authorized as second class mail, Registratiol - number 1201, -Postage paid in cash, return” postage guarantecd. ; wo ‘ _.. ADVERTISING MARK HAMILTON ELREEN TOOVEY ‘NOTE OF COPYRIGHT — - te wy “The Herald retains (uli, complele and sold copyright In any advertisement,produced. and or -edHorlal or. photographic contant published In the Herald. Reproduction i8 not permified = ‘without tha written petmission of the Publisher. POSE RP AY » “her four.older -sisters, all ye res - of them former students of Ae Willltbe ining. And their.mother, > BENEFICIAL. ; to all concerned? . > HALO ad it was as Baehab oc gi