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Malathion-induced teratisms in the developing chick burl :

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J, GREENTERG AND Q. N. LAHASt . a

Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Received December 16, 1968 STIG: LS

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Gaeensera. J, and LaHam, Q. N. 1969. Malathion-induced teratisms in the developing chick. Can. J.

| Zool. 47; £39-542, “PIO TE
Sialathion is one of the organophosphorous infetcies least toxic to mammals. The toxicity of this
| compound in chick embryos is known: howeverwVits teratocenic nature has not been tecorded. CON amen
centrations of 3.99 and 6.42 milligrams of malathion Were injecled Into tite JOIN sals Ul oe and o-day-old
| incubated exgs respectively. This procedure consistently produced deformed chicks with a combination
Of sparse plumage, micromelia, overall growth retardation, and beak detects.

Introduction Materials and Methods

Malathion_ (0,O-dimetkyl S-(1,2-dicarbeth- : Te White Leghorn eggs purchased from a commer.

oxyethyl) phosphorodithioate) is one of the ial hatchery were set in a Jamesway single-stage in- =
. . a ,' cubator at dry and wet bulb readings of 38°C and 30°C

organophosphates least toxie to mammals and respectively, A hole was drilled in the center of the btune Vv
one! the ‘insecticides most widely used IN end of the sheif and 0.1 ml of a solution ‘of malathion in
North America. Tie oral LDspo for rats is about corn oil was injected into the’ yolk sac with a 20-gauge w
1375 mg per kilogram compared to 2 mg per J-inch needle. For each day from day 4 to day 12 of
kilogram for TEPP (tetracthy! pyrophosphate) incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton 1951) each of 50

nd 6 5 ~ Lil f S (R) €ggs was given a single injection of 95% technical
and 0.2 mg per kilogram for ystox™ (Com- grade malathion. Several runs were necessary to cover a
dination of O,0-diethyl-O-2(ethylthio) ethyl range of concentrations of malathion from 1% to 253%, ee
phosphorodithioate and 0,O-diethyl-S-2 (ethyl- Conirol series of uninoculated, distilled water inoculated,
thio) ethyl phosphorodithioate). Other workers experimental series TH tine woes coe ttt eaeh 8
have studied the toxicity of malathion on chick determine the viability of the embryos. In this way the
embryos; however, the terata were not recorded lethal effect of the compound on the various days of
(Hadani and Egyed 1966: Walker 1966; Mc- development and at the different concentrations was

Laughlin er al, 1963), established. a ; ;
Khera e¢ af. have shown that Systox®? and After these preliminary experiments a second series of gw
EPN (O-cthyl-O-p-nitropheayl phenyl! phos- experiments was performed using the same procedure
" é as above, After 7 days the dead embryos were discarded.
Pnonothioate) cause permanent damage to the of the others some were kilicd on days 15 and 16 of
hind limb skeleton of ducks (Khera, LaHam, _ incubation and examined for gross morphological defects
and Grice 1965; Khera e al. 1966). In our aed eet premitted to hatch. he hatched phicks were
laboratory, Ruddick and Mation (unpublished KGS, sained wih alzrin red Scared by alts
results) have described numerous terata in trout ;
and chick embryos after the administration of
Several organophosphates; however, the chick
‘abnormalities were low in frequency (2 to 10% Mortality data which rejates to the age of the .
and inconsistent. chicks is listed in Table I. The concentration of
Smithzis (1965) has stated that “any chemical malathion in corn, oil Icthal to 50% of the em-
or physical insult which is capable of producing bryos within 7 days of injection is age dependent.
embryonic death can also, if the dosage and At this dose developmental abnormalities were
‘timing are appropriate, cause death of selected evident in most of the animals which survived,
tissues only, resulting in congenital deformity.” Four- and five-day embryos were particularly
In the present study, chick embryos were treated vulnerable. The induced teratisms took one ora.
with an appropriate concentration of malathion combination of the following forms.
dissolved in corn oil. This treatment consistently (2) One-half of the'survivors of the day $ to
preduced abnormiutlitics to the visceral and ap-. 12 injections were cither featherless or had Sparse
pendiculer skeletoa, and retardation of growth. feathers in the abdominal region only.

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