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POlsheviks) in 1939,
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__ town and countryside.

Capitalism ating as brake
upon technical progress

Capitalist society achieved vast productive pos-
sibilities and technical perfection. But now that
capitalism has entered the phase of decay it is
becoming more and more an obstacle, acting as a
brake on technica] progress.

Communism alone removes all obstacles and im-
pediments standing in the way of the develop-
ment of production, science, technique and culture,
and furnishes boundless possibilities for develop-
ment. :

All the achievements of human genius, the
benefits of centuries of scientific development, cul-
ture and technique are at the service of the people
in the USSR. They will continue to serve the
people in a communist society. >

The transition from socialism to communism
will take place gradually, that is, not in the sense
of tempo, but in the sense that it will be a transi-
tion without social conflicts or revolutions.

There will, of course, be certain stages in this
transition, corresponding to the increased successes
achieved in the development of the productive
forces, technique, science and culture.

A steady and ever quickening development of
the productive forces, and above all, the expan-
sion of those ‘branches of socialist industry pro-
ducing the instruments and means of production,
are an essential condition for the transition from
socialism to communism,

A growing abundance
of consumer goods

When, in the course of the next three or four
Five-Year Plan periods, the main economic task
facing the USSR will have been accomplished,
namely the task of overtaking and outstripping the
principal “capitalist countries in production per
capita of the population—the land of socialism will
be far ‘ahead of the United States in the total
volume of industrial output. It will then be the
biggest, most powerful and richest industrial coun-
try in the world.

There will be a growing abundance of all
articles of consumption as the country approaches
communism. Realization of the principle: from
each according to his ability, to each according to
his needs, will not be effected immediately in. all
spheres of consumption. This principle will be put
into practice gradually, accordingly as output grows
in the different branches of industry.

The principles of Soviet socialist trade, which
will continue to be developed and .perfected, will
remain the basis for supplying the
during the transition to communism and when en-
tering the phase of communism. : :

Consequently, the idea that with the transition
to communism, money will no longer be required,
must be rejected. Money will remain and will
continue its function of equivalent exchange. |

Under Communism
work becomes a habit Ae

The bourgeois and petty-bourgeois conception
of communism as a purely, consumer system of
society in which people behave like anarchists, in
which they will work only when they feel like
doing so, and that all they are concerned _with is
‘gluttony, is a bourgeois parody of communism and
lacks any serious foundation.

Communism is a society of the highest develop-
ment of conscious labor discipline. Lenin pointed
out that under communism, work becomes a habit.
Man grows so accustomed to voluntary labor that
it becomes a necessity for any healthy organism.

Even now in the USSR work has become a
‘matter of honor, glory, valor and heroism. ‘The
Soviet. citizen cannot become reconciled to the idea
of parasites living at the expense of .the labor of
others. Any manifestation of this is regarded as

a survival of capitalism, as a lack of culture and —

something that discredits man.— To an increasing
extent, work is becoming a natural ‘requirement
of man. ; % ;

Today it is clear that communism signifies

. that all members of society must in equal measure

- work consciously for the wellbeing of society.
Brest » aipnises the complete elimination

Communism. sign
of class divisions in society. Socialism in the USSR

has already destroyed the exploiting classes, but —

there remain the friendly classes of workers and
peasants, Accordingly a8 socialism develops, the
differences: betweent workers and peasants will be
obliterated gradually, and will completely disappear
under communism. : : ey Bocas :
The fundamental solution of this task — the
creation of a classless society, and obliteration of
boundaries between the workers and peasants—will
be realized simultaneously with the process of the
abolition of the antithesis and diff
Will obliterate differences .
between town and country
In the USSR: the main countradiction between
town and countryside has been up:
inated. A single method of product

n town 4 untry-
method—has been introduced in town and coun
side, Politically, this antithesis has been complete-

population -

“in 1989). Shs

erence between —

rooted and elim:
jon—the socialist —

4 the Soviet Union

ly abolished. In the sphere of culture much has
bee accomplished and the culture of the country-
side is now on a high level.

But much remains to be done and it will take
time to abolish completely the antithesis and dif-
ference between town and countryside. This will
been accomplished and the culture of the country-
further industrialization and electrification of social-
ist agriculture, by transforming agricultural labor
into one of the forms of industrial labor.

In this respect a revolution has taken place in
the USSR where the countryside has changed not
only .from the standpoint of its social structure
but also from the point of view of technical equip-
ment and the nature of agricultural work.

On the eve of the war, in 1940, Soviet agri-
culture was equipped with 523,000 tractors, 182,000
combine harvesters and more than 200,000 motor
vehicles.

Mechanization of farms.
on a yast scale proceeds

The current Five-Year Plan provides for the
mechanization. of agriculture on a vast scale. By
1950 tractors will plough 90 percent of the land,
and will sow 70 percent of the winter and summer

“erops, and 55 percent of the grain crop will be har-

vested by combines.

Rural electrification has been carried out in a
big way. Whereas in 1913 the capacity of the rural
power stations was’a mere 2,000 kilowatts, in 1932
it was 65.000 kilowatts, in 1937 — 230,000 kilowatts,
in 1940 — 275,000 kilowatts; by 1950 the rural power
stations will reach 2,269,700 kilowatts.

The rate and scale of mechanization and elec-
trification of agriculture is transforming agricul-
tural labor in the USSR into a form of industrial
labor.

e

During the gradual transition from socialism ‘to
communism, the artel, collective-farm form of prop-
erty in the countryside will be preserved, but the
collective farms will be further developed. There
will be a pronounced increase in technique. The
proportion of pubic, state property in the form of
the machine and tractor depots and state farms will
be greater. The collective farms, collective-farm
subsidiary establishments, and so on, will increase
and play a bigger role.

These developments will lead to an abundance
of agricultural products and raw materials. At the
same time, the outward appearance of the country-
side will undergo a radical change.

Antithesis between mental
and physical labor

The’ antithesis between mental and physical
labor constitutes one of the deepest class contra-
dictions in capitalist society. The ruling exploiting
classes—the capitalists and landlords—have made
education and mental labor their monopoly. The

working people of the capitalist countries do the
arduous. physical labor.

\

Stalin pointed out that the task of doing away

' with this antithesis, inherent in the capitalist sys-

tem, must be solved by raising the general cultural
and technical level of the Soviet people to the level
of engineers and technicians; to educate the whole
Soviet people, so that each citizen according to his
education, culture and technical knowledge would
be on the level of the engineering and technical
personnel. Such was the task the Bolshevik party
and Soviet power set themslves and which they

are now carrying on. : :
Education in USSR
accessible to everyone

The USSR. has gone a long. way towards solving
this task. The monopoly of education held by the
exploiters was abolished from the very first days
of the October Socialist Revolution. This was a
great historical in for the peoples of Russia. All
education — elementary, secondary, university — be-
came accessible to the working people.

Whereas in 1924-25 some 10 million pupils were
attending elementary and secondary schools in the

USSR, in 1938-89 the figure was already 32 million —

10,,million-

*

(secondary school pupils alone numbered

At present there is a total of 40 n

in schools and other educational institutions of the —
USSR, fa an eat oS CSE

Tsarist Russia had but 91 institutes of higher
education with a student body of 112,000. In the
Soviet Union there were in 1946, 792 institutes at-
tended by 653,000 students. This year, 188.000 fresh-
men entered Soviet universities and colleges, that
is, 16 percent more than in 1940; 360,000 students

were enrolled in technical colleges, which is 9 per-
‘cent more than in 1940. The number of students in —
all the countries of Europe, Japan and China, taken

together. ;

The task will require
considerable time

The Stakhanovites in the USSR are people with
a high technical culture and general education. The

more advanced Stakhanovites are steadily approach-
ing the level of the engineering-technical personnel.

mS These processes, in the aggregate, convey an
idea of the powerful advance of Soviet society to-
wards its transformation into a society composed
entirely of highly educated people.

Such, in essence, will be the outcome of the
elimination of the antithesis between mental and
physical labor. Society as a whole will then consist
of educated people, and the division of people into

- categories of mental and physical workers will dis-

appear of its own accord,

It is essential to remember, however, that the
removal of the antithesis between mental and physi-
cal labor is an extremely difficult task and will re-
quire considerable time. It is a task that will be
fully solved only in a developed communist society.

World imperialism seeks
to impede advance

Many difficulties confront us in the matter of:
building a Communist society in the USSR. First,
world imperialism is doing and will continue to do
everything in its power to prevent our forward
movement. It is plain for all to see how the Anglo-
American imperialists ‘are daily plotting against
the Soviet Union, preparing for war against it, how
they are indulging in all the provocative methods
of war-mongers and how they are rallying to their
side all the reactionary forces of the world.

We are still faced with a number of economic
and technical difficulties of an interna] nature. These
difficulties have been aggravated by the Great Pat-
riotic War. Then there are the difficulties connected
with overcoming the survivals of capitalism in the
minds of the people. But the USSR was confronted
with even greater difficulties in its advance to so-
cialism, Russia was then economically backward.
Now it is a powerful industrial socialist power fully
independent of the capitalist states. ~ :

In the course. of the Great Patriotic War the
Soviet Union single handed smashed the combined
forces of the Hitler bloc. Previous to World War
Two the Soviet Union stood alone. a lone rock en-
circled by a hostile capitalist world. Today the
USSR is not alone. Half of Europe has taken the
socialist path and the peoples of these countries

have rallied around the Soviet Union.

But all difficulties
will be overcome .
After the First World War the imperialists

found themselves without one-sixth of the earth’s

surface—the USSR; ‘afte the Second World War. _

_ they found themselves without half of Europe. And

in the event of them. unleashing a new war they

- will find they are missing a great deal more.

Irrespective of the difficulties that face the
Soviet Union on the way to communism and the
New Democracies on the way to ‘socialism, they will
_be overcome by the combined efforts of these coun-
tries and with the support of the international pro-

 letariat. The enemy will be defeated and socialism

and communism will be victorious. |

‘Such are the world historic results of the Great
October Revolution carried out under the leader-
ship of the party of Lenin and Stalin.

PACIFIC TRIBUNE — FEBRUARY 11, 1949 — PAGE 7
\