The Changing Structure of
: Working Class, by J. M.
“Udish, 75c.

*id you ever hear of a
trying to gain eternal
a by eliminating under-
*ts? Such are the defend-
* Of capitalism who argue
the working class is
dling into significance,
a, €y are aided in their
: by all sorts of rigged
_ Slanted statistics, sup-
Y government agen-

es,

M. Budish several years
mene a valuable contri-
m to exposing related
Paganda in his paperback
a es Capitalism. Now
Provided one on ‘“‘The
Ae Structure of the
“Ng Class.”
Beets main contribution
‘Place the dynamics of
mass Structure in the
~Work of a Marxist an-

Vorking class
ot dwindling

alysis.

The working class consists
of wage and salary workers,
without essential distinction.
Says Budish:

“The position of the wage
and salary workers, or the

working Class, in our present
U.S. social system of produc-
tion is such that they do not
own any means of produc-
tion, and have no voice in de-
termining whether produc-
tion should or should not
continue, or as to what, how,
and how much is to be pro-
duced.”

His analysis shows that
the -working class, correctly
defined, is the overwhelming
majority of the population,

and an increasing majority.

Wage and salaried work-
ers in the nonfarm population
increased from 83% in 1929
to 87% in 1960. Considering
the reduction in the number
of farmers, the share of
wages. and salaried workers
in the total population in-
creased even more rapidly.

* * *

Having put things in per-
spective, we can now ex-
amine the important changes
that have taken place. While
still far from a majority, the
number and proportion of
whitecollar employees has
been rising throughout this
century, and especially since
World War II.

This doesn’t signify the di-
lution of the working class,
but rather a major change in
its structure.

The technical - scientific
revolution has diminished
the advantageous working

- conditions of the white collar

workers. Most clerical work-
ers are engaged in mass pro-
duction typing, filing, sort-
ing, mailing, all of these con-

s MUggled secretly out of
bably a man who has
hich « Spent longer in
Jails than any other
a Peared at a press con-
im London recently.

ae is the 41-year-old Span-
leageg ¢ Marcos Ana, re-
Burgos: from the notorious
ber after ni8oP last Novem-
R Years in Franco’s
He was twice

qpitain at the invita-
Uding leading writers,
n ( Kingsley Amis,
Sborne, Iris Murdoch,
esker and Angus
€ made a moving
T action to help his
€llow prisoners.

al fo
Mer

lito a Was released from
litical oe Were 465 other
st ha Prisoners there.
en @ been there for 15,
times ee years for alleged
te th hich are nothing

€n the normal exer-

0:
~S temocratic rights.

23 years in jail

Hundreds. of others are
being arrested in Spain at
present for asking for higher
wages, for striking and are
in danger of being dragged
before military tribunals and
given savage sentences.

* * *
Many of the men held in
Franco jails like Burgos,

Ocana and elsewhere were
originally jailed for passing
out leaflets and bulletins
issued by the British embassy
in Spain during the war.

Marcos Ana told of the
tortures in jail, of the 307
days he spent in Ocana jail
in solitary confinement and
under sentence of death, until

his sentence was commuted

to life imprisonment.

LIFE

By MARCOS ANA
Tell me what a tree is like.
Tell me of the song of a

river
When the birds lie upon it.
Speak to me of the sea,
‘speak to me, too,
Of the smell of the fields,
Of the stars; of the air.
Talk to me of the horizon
Without bolts and without
keys,
Like the simple cottage of
~ a poor man.
Tell me what the kiss of
a woman. :
Is like. Find me the word
For love; I have fortgotten

it: e
Are the nights still per-
fumed

‘With the passion of lovers

Trembling under the
moon?

Or is there only this pit,

The lights of a grave

And the music of steps on

_ stones? =

Twenty-two years .

I speak only to speak of
the things

Thatthe years have
washed away.

‘he
Rens Who is generally
Adan, ee with perfecting
ts newest old Sir Robert
is ee recently flew
ive ‘ome in California
Six ee jdence at the trial
: os of Britain’s

or i

as Nuclear Dis-

‘

testifying in Lon-
Bailey courthouse,
d “the lunacy of
“Pending for her de-
& deterrent that
pecter.”
Sber, “Gt argue that Sir
8ntific °esn’t know the
hat Peace of defence and
be expected of it.
is) Bexs*

St 5 :
Sry begins away

ne warning device

back in January, 1935, when
a special committee was set
up by the Air Ministry to

SCIENCE

survey air defence. The com-
mittee received a plan that
made it seem possible that
Mr. Stanley Baldwin’s de-
featist dictum, “The bomber
will always get through,”
might not be true after all.

The. plan rested on the
work of Robert Watson-Watt,
a 42-year-old physicist, and
his colleague, J. Wilkins.
Watson-Watt’s idea was to
send out radio pulses and
pick up the echoes bouncing

Ux ibs been said and

Tinian fen about the
ble. | State Dance En-
paper actically every
"Shas. Orthy of the
Crp, “tried and/or will

Ying a ‘
Mp]. review of thei
Plishments eir

> She would have

~Y unfeelin eee
ca £ per
;

AINIAN DANCERS
MOTING PEACE

son to witness one of their
performances and not be left
with some very distinct 1m-
pressions .. . the very warm
mood that they develop in
their audience . . . the some-
times - simple - sometimes-In-
tricate (but always artistic)
choreography . . . the unbe-
lievable togetherness without
creating the. impression, of

this without appearing ridic-_

off aircraft.

He was given £10,000

“($50,000) to develop the idea.

And the first radar station
was set up on an island off
the east coast of England in
1935. :

Within a month, his team
could locate an aircraft with-
in 500. feet at a height of
7,000 feet.

* * *

While Sir Robert and his
team were busy, so were Ger-
man scientists. But with this
difference. The Nazis were
in pewer and already had
ruined the universities by
purging them in the early
1930’s and, having kicked
out the brains, put in their.

place Nazi-minded hacks.
(Not too dissimilar from the
current situation in the
U.S.A.)

purely mechanical precision
which is so common to North
American dance companies
. in a word—the socialist
character of their art.

One scene in_ particular
keeps coming back to this re-
porter. It is the one from the
dance “The Puppets’, in
which a clerk tries to court
his master’s wife. We can’t
for the life of us picture a _
North American group doing

sisting more and more of
machine operation.

There is no difference in
the quality of labor between
the speeded-up clerical work-
er required to turn out so

many envelopes per day on -

the addressograph machine,
and the speeded-up factory
worker, required to process
so many cigarettes out of a
pacing machine. -

a So *

Hence there
jective reason for this rising
army of white collar workers
to join with the blue collar
workers in trade unions and
labor political action.

But, according to figures
cited by Budish, the percen-

“I have been in jail since
I was 18,” he said simply.
“My heart then was full of
illusions, but my only ‘crime’
was to love life and liberty,
and for this I was tortured.

“I have. said goodbye to
many who went to their ex-
ecution. I have had to carry
On my shoulders comrades
who died of hunger in jail.

“Most painful for me,” he
continued, “is the memory
of the wives and mothers of
these political prisoners in
Spain.

“There are no words to
describe the sufferings and
sacrifices of these women,
many of whom have been
waiting for 15 and 20 years
for the prison gates to open.”

oo * *

Then came the moving ap-
peal of this man who still
bears on his body the marks
of Franco’s fascist tortures,
who still cannot see proper-
ly unless he is surrounded by
walls, who spent so long
being dragged from one dark
dungeon to another.

An atmosphere of dissen-
sion and distrust prevailed.
The German scientists and
engineers were not given a
chance to show initiative or
imagination.

They did not get a chance
to see their radar in action
nor to learn what was requir-
ed of it in operation. In fact,
the German High Command
virtually stopped research on
radar half-way through the
war.

In England, thanks mainly
to the drive and enthusiasm
of Sir Robert, the picture
was much different.

* ok *

It was in an atmosphere
of comradeship and co-opera-
tion that the construction of
the first five radar stations
was begun in 1936. And none
too soon. For, on the very

ulous; we can’t help feeling
that reaching for the rump
of a woman would appear to
be in bad taste, and yet, so
finely tuned is this company
(and their art) that this was
a pleasure to behold.

And so it went... from
the opening curtain to the
final Hopak the performance
was a sheer delight. The pace
maintained, the variety pro-
vided both by soloists and

. chorus, the unmistakably

une 1

is every ob-.

‘than

tage of white collar workers
organized has fallen alarm-
ingly, from 16% in 1948 to
11% in 1960.

Marxist analysis shows
that this is not due to objec-
tive factors, but to ‘the sub-
jective weaknesses of the
labor movement which have
led to the general decline in
its power in the United
States.

The white collar workers,
the service workers and the
southern workers are three
main groups requiring organ-
ization most, according to
Budish. His book is a signifi-
cant contribution to the
knowledge which will spur
successful organizing activ-
ities in these fields.

Of course, it isn’t the last
word. Rather it is to be hoped
that it proves but an intro-
duction to the all-around pro-
found analysis of the charac-
ter of the American working
class, which has changed and
grown so much in recent
decades. :

—VICTOR PERLO
People’s World

“I have come to Britain
with the heartfelt hope ‘that
asa result of my actions my
comrades can be freed and
-amnestied.

“I have not come here to
conduct a campaign of ven-
geance, but with a message
of love and solidarity from
my fellow-prisoners.

“None of my comrades is
thinking of revenge. All
they hope for is the possibil-
ity to be able to live in peace
in a Spain at peace, where
young people can sing and
love.

“Where those held in
prison can return to their
homes and where the Spanish
people will have the pos-
sibility to build a free and
democratic Spain.

“There’s not a word in any
of my poems that talks of
hate,” he concluded. “I have
many reasons for hate, for I
left all my youth in jail. But
all I ask for is amnesty for
the comrades I left behind.”

—SAM RUSSELL
Br. Daily Worker

day that Mussolini marched
into Albania, a radar service
was put into operation for
the first time in the world.

That was on: Good Friday,
1939, just a little over 33
years ago.

Sir Robert was knighted
for his services in 1942, ang
in 1951 received £250,000,
the country evidently agree-
ing “that without radar the
Battle of Britain would have
been lost and these islands
invaded.”

He told the court at the
Old Bailey: “The fairy tale
of the Great Deterrent is a
menace to our survival, but
not only to ours, to the sur-
vival of the human race.”

Today he is advocating the
only ‘infallible warning sys-
tem”: Nuclear Disarmament.

man qualities of every item
on the program, the obvious
love of life and of their work
was in evidence all evening.

Almost anyone watching
these young people in action
must feel more determined
ever that we must
never allow the mushroom
cloud to shadow the earth,
and therein lies the greatest
lesson in watching this scin-
tillating company.
: # —J. SHACK