SECOND PART QF A NEW SERIAL Published in Moscow. ats and Venus. Te design of a spaceship will depend largely on the Purpose it is intended for. A rocket designed to land 2 the moon will differ in | Many respects from one in- lendea to fly round it without ‘nding. An earth - to - Mars 'Teeship will be different fom one designed to fly to nus. There will be a great tference between a rocket Mg thermo-chemical fuel “hd an atomic spaceship. he spaceship will have th in common with a sub- Marine in that its crew will th Completely isolated from © external medium. The ™position, pressure, temper- ee and humidity of the air de the rocket will be con- Tolled by special apparatus. ‘ Ut there will be one big Vantage where the space- wip is concerned. The differ- |," between external and in- 4 Dal pressure will be less for @ ppaceship, and the small- * the difference the thinner 8Y be its skin. tig, Provide greater protec- against collisions with 4. erites, the spaceship “uld have a double skin. Ww iu Spaceship designed to fly tu, @tificial satellite of the tug) , Using thermo-nuclear a. Will be on the lines of a aulti-stage rocket as big ay 2 airship. | by a Tocket will be launched an automatic starter. Auto- the €quipment will direct Meg Ket in flight and take tagag ments. The “used-up” ‘the will return to the earth Mean by parachute or by ‘nye. f retractable wings 4 ‘ting them into gliders. Mag “Paceship on a round-the- a 9 trip will take off from fo, tficial satellite in order its 5 € a prolonged study of Oh eg ttace without landing. ace Mpleting its journey the Ye UP will return direct to ®arth. lle ,Paceship of this kind will lth ut and tested on the iL tal following which it will ah in n apart and shipped to "qu; “tplanetary station. Fuel, My 8t, food and oxygen Sent there separately. Jeng” the spaceship is reas- Mai tat the interplanetary | tne It will start on its Th, ¥ into space. ade ll}, PPoPellent and oxidiser ling into the motor from Tieal_ tanks, which will in fact be the principal chambers of the spaceship temporarily filled with fuel. The crew will suffer the incon- venience of staying in the cabin of the glider until the principal chambers. are emptied, that is, for a few minutes after the rocket is launched. The remaining fuel will evaporate immediately a small valve, connecting the tanks with empty space, is opened. Then air will be pumped into the tanks and the astronauts will travel in them to the end of their journey. At a certain distance from the moon the spaceship will become a satellite of that body, using the propellent and oxi- diser of the lateral tanks in the aft for the purpose. When This cutaway diagram, taken from a Sputnik, the world’s first man-made satellite. extracts, appearing exclusively in the Pacific Tribune, rplanetary Travel, by A. Sternfeld, recently An English edition of the book is to be published in Britain soon. 8 second extract deals with the designing of spaceships for various flights, to the moon, the fuel is used up the tanks will be jettisoned. The asternauts will not switch on the motors again until the time arrives for their return journey, for which the fuel will be provided from the lateral tanks in the nose. Before entering the earth’s atmosphere. the crew .will move back into the space- glider, which will then be de- tached from the main body of the - spaceship circling the earth. To make a safe landing the astronauts will make use of the retractable wings of the glider. Ww Once the motors are switch- ed off, the people and equip- ment inside the rocket will be- come weightless, which will be a great handicap. To over- come it, the designers will have to create artificial gravity on board the space- ship. A spaceship shown designed on this principle will have two sections, launched as _ one whole, these will separate from each other, but will be held together by cables. Low-powered motors. will send them: revolving around one common centre of gravity. When the required speed of rotation is reached, the motors will be cut off, and rotation will continue under its .own momentum. According to Tsiolkovsky, centrifugal force will take the place of the force of gravity. An automobile, a train and a sailing vessel continue to move as long as they are driven by an engine or the wind. It is true that they do not come to a standstill at once but Explosive Pip 2 Soviet magazine, shows the component parts of Sputnik’s famous “beep-beep” is now silent, ies hi one dead, but the artificial “moon” still circles the globe every 96 minutes. ee pest teenie this week that an other sa‘ellite to be launched in, the near future ill carry a space-travelling dog, already train ed to use a space suit and transparent helmet. wih The conquest of spac | ps is the second of a series of from a remarkable new Soviet book, Inte continue moving under their own momentum for some time. However, they cannot get far in this way, since the amount of energy they have accumu- lated will_soon be neutralized by friction and air resistance. The situation is quite differ- ent where the spaceship is concerned. In a few minutes its motors will give it great velocity, and the rocket will cover the remaining part of its journey under its own momen- tum, since it will meet neither friction nor air resistance in space. The sooner the spaceship at- tains the required speed the less time it will need to over- come the force of gravity and the less fuel it will burn. A great amount of fuel would be saved if the rocket could reach the required speed instantly and then continue on its route under its own momentum. However, that is a practical impossibility — the rocket can only gain speed gradually as the fuel burns. Besides, the initial speed must not be greater than the human organism can endure. “4 Very often covers of books dealing with interplanetary travel show a spaceship flying along a straight line between the earth and the moon, It has covered half the distance or is even approaching its des- tination with its motors. still in operation. This conception is quite in- correct. The trajectory of the space- ship can never-be a straight line, and its motors must be shut down a few minutes after the take-off, at a short distance from the earth. Only in this way can the Spaceship save enough fuel for the return journey. A successful flight will de- pend in large measure on whether the correct trajectory is. chosen. Trajectories. involving the minimum expenditure of fuel are very intricate — the rocket must constantly change direc- tion and acceleration. If a simplified trajectory (for ex- ample, a vertical one) is chosen, the fuel consumption will be several times as great. The timing of the take-off is of paramount importance for the whole undertaking, since neither the earth nor the cel- estial body for which the spaceship is bound is station- are in space. : @ A third extract, on the ef- feet of space flight on hu- man beings, will appear next week. November 1, 1957 — PACIFIC TRIBUNE—PAGE 9