fate Seeond Havana Declaration was read out by
ment i 0, prime minister of the revolutionary gov-
ble f Cuba, to one and a half million people
ening a the Revolution Square of Havana in the
Vi great Feb. 4. It was adopted unanimously and
Asse enthusiasm by the Second General National

mbly of the Cuban People.

0,

eae 1895, the eve of his death, the apostle of our
, a tee, José Marti wrote to his friend Manuel Mer-
et wey €r that was not finished because a Spanish
«ay, Ut through his heart:

Bike. am able to write . . . At any moment I may
iBUSt Win Betty. fall while doing my duty ... We
rates wil x €pendence for Cuba, otherwise the United
ica fp €ize the Antilles and fall upon the lands of our
am stil] a there. All I have done until now and all
S, oe to do — is for this aim. There are
ing pe ones among them, vitally interested in
fement ih foreign imperialists from coming to an
ba to anne the Spaniards and paving a road through
del and xation of the countries of our America by the
Ust be ee North which despises us. This road
it with at all costs and we, the Cubans, are bar-
Ublic, Bershinn bodies, The obligations, private and
ating the ‘ ed the fraternal peoples from joining us and
ce we are making in the name of the
aa ae the name of the vital interests of the
NOW jt: ae I have been in the monster’s maw
in 1p » Navid’s sling is in my hands.”
93 Marti already indicated the danger hover-
Ipe merica and called imperialism by its name:
Ore tha, He warned the peoples of America that they,
Ould not anybody else, were interested in that Cuba
Sing the pitulate before the avidity of the Yankee
tds of the atin American peoples. Marti sealed the last
Rtica, ang wss88e with his blood, spilled for Cuba and
* Declarati i memory of him the Cuban people open
i 'on with his words.

s
Oa oan years have passed. Puerto Rico was turned
ltitude eee and remains a colony to this day, with a
Utches of fmetary bases in it. Cuba also fell into the

8 amen, Petalista whose troops occupied our territory.
'% disgraceful was inserted into our first constitution,

Pi interfere article sanctifying the hateful right to
* 8; our ‘ieee Our wealth went into the imperialists’
iY Were fully was falsified, our government and our

Years the adapted to the aggressors’ interests and

Y and culturally,

UY >

ae oe proved able to cast off the disgrace-
destiny, pessli: Cuba tore asunder the fetters bind-
> Testor, h the despotic empire; she returned her
‘er culture and hoisted her sovereign flag

territory and the free people of America.

tates will ne ‘
ore ver be able to fall upon, America
atin A°t Cuba but, dominating the majority of the

a, |S :
fi... dnd tg n history if not the history of Latin Amer-
bry of Asiz 's the history of Latin America if not the
hth all : Africa and Oceania? And what is the his-
ee and “ie Peoples if not the history of the most
jp “lism “Tl exploitation of the whole world by

i

At ty *

le Clog,

heal - the last and in the beginning of the cur-
ds divigin andful of economically developed countries
gi ilitical de the world, having spread their economic

Wenmation over two-thirds of mankind which,
C

Stoup of
e histo; c
es

= . "ced to work for the ruling classes of
nities with developed capitalist economy.
2 renditions which enabled certain European
in dustrig hited States of America to attain a high
» Which evelopment placed them in a powerful
a attire Could use to subjugate the rest of the
Notive 7aeae and exploitation.
to ee impelled the countries with develop-
S, as ther sion? Was it for the moral “civil-
Thind, y asserted? No, they had economic

e di
id gs uergry N'Y Of America, which impelled Euro-
ing ot e ® sail across the seas to seize the lands
Wealth pe cbles of other continents, the desire to
© Sear Ue Fee me the motive power determining their
Oditin 2 for 1) of America itself was explained by
fetcheg . Shortest route to the East, whose com-
Prices in Europe. :
of merchants and manufacturers of
ted in’ the feudal society of masters
the Middle Ages.
f this new a the means which launched the
Ves this ae This craving for profit stimulat-
Produce 8rew mae made throughout its history. Its
withetion a’ong with the development of indus-
F Moyne the fr Commerce, New productive forces,
Mstig gp tin requens ok of a feudal society, clashed
ism acy with relations of serfdom, charac-
» and py, With its laws, institutions, philosophy,
Ntatives Political ideology.
i Tajntcllectual section of the class
hew eatmed new philosophical and poli-
z Ceptions of law and the state, and,
W Tequirements of social life, they
ed in the minds of the exploited

he, UW go
Ustria| ay Class

appea
the end of
oY gold

whole country was strangled politically, -

THE CUBAN PEOPLE ADDRESS
THE PEOPLES OF AMERICA
AND THE WORLD

masses. From that time on the old-fashioned ideas of the
feudal society were opposed by revolutionary ideas. The
peasants, handicraftsmen and factory workers, headed by
the bourgeoisie, overthrew the feudal system, its philos-

ophy, ideas, privileged institutions, and ruling class, ie.

the hereditary nobility.

At that time the bourgeoisie believed that revolution was
just and necessary. It did not consider that the feudal
system could and should be everlasting, whereas today it
does not uphold this view, but just the opposite, concern-
ing its capitalist social orders.

It inspired the peasants to free themselves from feudal
slavery, and the artisans to come out against guild rela-
tions, As for itself, it demanded the right to political rule,
The absolute monarchy, nobility, and top-ranking clergy
stubbornly defended their class privileges, proclaiming the
divine right of the crown and immutability of their social
system.

To be liberal and proclaim the ideas of Voltaire, Diderot
and Jean Jacques Rousseau — representatives of bourgeois
philosophy — was, according to the ruling classes at that
time, equally as grave a crime as to be a socialist and
proclaim the ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin today.

When the bourgeoise seized poli- <
tical power and set up its own capi- *
talist form of production on the
shambles of the feudal society, it
was this form of production that
led to the establishment of its state,
laws, ideas, and institutions. The
latter first of all sanctified the es-
sence of class domination of the
bourgeoisie, namely, private owner-
ship. The new society, founded on
private ownership of the means of
production and on the freedom of
competition, thus split up into two
main classes, one of them posses-
sing means of production, ever
more up-to-date and efficient, the
other, deprived of all wealth, own-
ing only its manpower, and, in
order to secure its existence, forced
to put up this manpower for sale
on the market as a new commodity.

The productive forces forged
ahead at an extraordinary rate as
soon as the chains of feudalism

were broken. Big factories appear-
ed, attracting an ever-increasing number of workers.

The most up-to-date and efficient factories started drivin,
weaker rivals out of the market. The cost of industria
equipment grew higher and higher. Ever bigger amounts
of capital had to be accumulated. The increasingly greater
part of production became concentrated in the hands of
an ever-diminishing group.

Thus, there appeared big capitalist enterprises, followed
later by associations of major enterprises in the form of
cartels, syndicates, trusts and consortiums, depending on
the scale and character of the association, controlled by
those holding the greater number of shares, i.e., the most
i the initial stage of its existence, gave way to monop-
olies, which concluded agreements between themselves
and exercised control over the market.

id these vast sums come from which enabled a
nendful of tees to collect billions of dollars? They
were derived from the exploitation of human labor. Millions
of people, forced to work for wages barely securing their
existence, created, thanks to their effort, enormous sums
of monopolistic capital. The working people helped to

build up fortunes for the privileged classes which grew .

wealthier and more powerful.

lasses were able through banking institutions to
annie they wished not only with their own money,
but also with the money of the entire society. This led to
the fusion of banks with large-scale industry and the ap-
pearance of financial capital.

What should be done with the big surpluses of capital,
which continued to accumulate in ever-increasing amounts?
The answer was to use them to intrude everywhere in ‘the
world. These ‘classes, constantly seeking profit, started
seizing the natural riches of all economically weak coun-
tries and exploiting the population of these sates
paying them even scantier wages than they were compell-
ed to pay their own workers in the home countries. Mais

Thus there began the territorial and economic division
of the world. In 1914 eight or ten imperialist countries
spread their economic and political influence outside their
frontiers over territories totalling 52,300,000 ne gi see
with a population of 970 million people, The world was
divided. _

i size of the globe is limited and even the
ot oa it had been already divided, a clash took
place between different monopolistic countries, and a
struggle for a re-division started, caused by the aUPLOp
tionate distribution of the industrial and economic au
which had been attained by certain unevenly developing

monopolistic countries.

Section of the large Havana crowd th

werful owners. Free competition, typical of capitalism —

-Imperialist wars broke out which cost mankind 50 mil-
lion human lives and destroyed countless material and
cultural values. This was not in evidence yet when Marx
wrote that new-born capitalism oozed blood and filth from
all its pores, from head to foot.

As soon as it gave everything it was capable of, the
capitalist system of - production turned into a colossal
hindrance to the development of mankind.

But bourgeois society had contained its antithesis since
its inception. There had been developing within it gigantie
means of production as well as a vigorous social forces,
the proletariat, which was called upon to replace the
already obsolete and decrepit social system of capitalism
with a higher economic and social formation and, in keep-
ing with the historical possibilities of human society, turn
these gigantic means of production, which had been
created and accumulated by the people, and solely by the
people, owing to their labor, into public property.

At this stage of the development of the productive forces
the system which stipulated private ownership and, to-
gether with its subjugation of the economy of millions upon
millions of people to the dictate of an insignificant minority
of society, becomes absolutely outdated ‘and anachronistié,

The interests of mankind demanded liquidation of the
anarchy of production, squander, economic crises and pred-
atory wars inherent in the capitalistic system. The new
requirements of mankind and the possibilities of their
satisfaction demanded planned development of the economy

at heard and endorsed the Declaration

and a rational utilization of its means of production and
natural resources.

The outset of a profound and insoluble crisis of imper-
ialism and colonialism was inevitable. The general crisis
began during the first world war, after the workers’ and
peasants’ revolution overthrew the tsarist empire in Russia
and created, in the most difficult conditions of capitalist
encirclement and aggression, the world’s first socialist
state, thus ushering in a new era in mankind’s history.
Since then and up to our days the crisis and disintegration
of the imperialist system have been constantly growing in
acuteness.

The Second World War, which was unleashed by the im-
perialist powers and which drew the Soviet Union and
other European and Asian peoples subjected to a criminal
invasion into a bloody struggle for liberation, ended with
the defeat of fascism, the establishment of a world social-
ist camp and the struggle of the colonial and dependent
peoples for their liberation. Between 1945 and 1957 more
than 1,200 million people in Asia and Africa won indepen-
dence. These peoples did not shed their blood in vain.

The movement of the dependent and colonial peoples is
a- phenomenon of a universal nature which shakes the
whole world and signifies: the last crisis of imperialism.

*

Cuba and Latin America are part of the whole world.
Our problems are part of the problems stemming from
the general crisis of imperialism and the struggle of the
enslaved peoples — a clash between the emerging and dy-
ing worlds.

The repugnant ruthless campaign launched against our
country testifies to the desperate but vain efforts of the
imperialists trying to prevent the liberation of the peoples.
Cuba is a paricular nuisance to the imperialists.

What stands behind the Yankees’ hatred for the Cuban
revolution? What is the correct explanation of the conspir-
acy which unites by a common aggressive aim the wealth-
iest and strongest imperialist power of the present-day
world and oligarchies of countries of a whole continent
totalling a population of 350 million people, in the strug-
gle against a small nation counting only seven million
people, economically underdeveloped and having neither
the financial nor military resources which can threaten the
security or economy of any country?

They are united and impelled to action by fear. All this
is explained by fear. It is not fear of the Cuban revolus
tion; it is fear of the Latin American revolution.

It is not fear of the workers, peasants, students, intel-
lectuals and progressive groups from the middle strata of
the population who have seized power in Cuba in a revo-

HAVANA DECLARATION