Ra enemies me ee. Sonar GN er iin aM 08 ia NN PE AT CME ARC n a ' Missio | Lenin, a college student, (Samara, | 1890) cheye Délo (The Workers’ Cause). The first issue was about to come out when, as a result of a police raid, Lenin and his comrades were arrested. But neither hardships nor set- backs could make. Lenin give up. Even when behind prison bars, he continued to guide the League of Struggle, wrote pam- _ Phlets and proclamations which were smuggled out of the prison and published clandestinely. be Was then that ‘he started writing The Development of Capitalism in Russia which was of major Significance for the revolution- ary struggle. Early in 1897, the tsarist Court sentenced Lenin to three years’ exile in Eastern Siberia. _ EXILE IN SIBERIA Before the revolution Siberia Nee very different: from what it - now. Immensely rich in na- rae Tesources, today it has a uehly developed industry and teculture, large industrial en- ‘prises, power stations, new Tailways, But formerly: it was a ne- Blected godforsaken area. Lenin was banished. to the vil- : a _Of Shushenskoye, Yenisei ne vince, From Moscow to Kras- eee by train took him more eat ten days. Then he had to ie almost two months for the eer break so that he could tr . further by boat. His boat oe © Minusinsk lasted a whole AS From there, escorted by ee he travelled hun- ae of miles by cart to Shush- Fae Leaving Moscow on en isan 22, he reached Shush- Skoye on May 8, 1897. _ tome in exile was difficult. It mail pont a fortnight for the user © come from European ate hi: Letters from relatives But teed rarely reached him. OpEinn too, Lenin remained as Bice istic as ever. He started ie SPondence with St. Peters- sf i Moscow and other centres Se wes movement. : Orresponded with exiles ered all over Siberia, reas- Ng and cheering them up. tenn e Krupskaya was sen- cons to three years’ exile in €ction with the League of wee pase. She asked for per- 0 go to the village of than nenskoye on the grounds chine > was Lenin’s financee. ice Z or his part, also asked t T to be allowed to come ta Brcankoye. Krupskaya ar- alan ere early in May 1898 § with her mother. ea eed hard in exile. € more than thirt thee® the most important of Russicert& The Tasks of the The S26 Social-Democrats and in Ru, evelopment of Capitalism a ral years to In .- sn Lenin proved that a firm alli- “ance of workers and peasants was essential for the triumph of socialism and that the working class, being the most militant, would play the chief role in the _fevolution to come. Today, Communist and Work- . ers’ Parties call for struggle against revisionism and dogma- . tism. At the time when Lenin was beginning his revolutionary activity, there were quite a few opportunists who sought to con- fuse the working class, to distort Marxist teachings. Among them was the German Social-Democrat Eduard Bernstein who published a book in which he revised Marx- ism and advocated rejection of the revolutionary struggle by the working class. Lenin strongly criticized E. Bernstein for his distortion of Marxism. - At the end of January, 1900, Lenin was allowed to return from exile. THE FOUNDATION OF A WORKING-CLASS PARTY The tsarist government for- bade that Lenin live in the capi- tal or in any of the country’s industrial centres, so he decided to settle in Pskov, a small town. From there he intended to travel secretly to St. Petersburg in order to carry out revolutionary work among its workers. Krupskaya had still a year to spend in exile, this time not in Siberia but in Ufa Province. Len- in went to Ufa to help her settle down. While there he met some of the Social-Democrats. Disregarding the police ban, he went to Moscow to meet other Social-Democrats. Then he made a secret trip to St. Peters- burg, also to meet his associates. He also made trips to Pskov, Riga, then again to St. Peters- burg. From there—to Ufa, Nizhni Novgorod, Samara, Smolensk and other towns. He was paving the way for the publication of an All-Russia poli- tical newspaper, which would help in organizing a working- class party. N. N. Krupskaya, (1895) With great difficulty, in mid- summer 1900, Lenin managed to get out of the country. This was his first period of emigration and it lasted five years. He spent the time in Switzerland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Britain and France . Thousands of books and hun- dreds of thousands of articles have been devoted to Lenin’s activity. This brochure is too short to describe, even briefly, all aspects of the life of the great leader and teacher of the work- ing people the world over. The appearance of the news- paper Iskra (Spark) was one of the most important events that occurred during Lenin’s first period of emigration. Its pur- pose was to spread Marxist ideas among Russian workers. The first issue came out in 1901. As its slogan it January 190} : carried 2 line from the exiled . Decembrists’ reply to Pushkin: “The spark will kindle a flame.” Now, a few words about the Decembrists. In 1825, Russia was ruled by Tsar Nikolai I dubbed Palkin (the Club) because of his bru- tality. Among the Russian nobil- ity, mainly officers, there were progressive people who decided to organize an uprising against the tsar, to overthrow him and improve the people’s lot. On De- cember 25, 1825, several insur- rectionist units came out on to Senate Square in front of the royal palace. But the revolt failed. The plotters were arrested and tried. Some were executed, others sentenced to hard labor for life. The insurrection took place in December, hence the name De- cembrists. In reply message to Pushkin’s verses, dedicated to them, the Decembrists compared their cause,’ their struggle to a sparkle which would kindle a flame. That is why these words were chosen as a militant slogan’ for the newspaper. Lenin was most active in or- ganzing the newspaper. He con- ° tributed many articles and selected and published letters which came to the editorial board from all over Russia. From the end of 1901 some of his articles wer signed Lenin. He chose this pen-name after the great Siberian river Lena. Differences between members of the Iskra editorial board made the atmosphere very strained. They were not of a personal nature but reflected the political situation in Russia and the class struggle which, as it developed, -acquired new forms. | ; These differences sharpened in the process of working out the draft Party Program, a basic document defining the Party’s goals. The paper helped prepare the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. The Second Congress founded the RSDLP which was later re- named the Communist Party of _the Soviet Union (CPSU). The 2nd Congress was attend- ' ed-by 43 delegates representing 26 Party organization- The congress of the CPSU was attended by over five thousand delegates representing twenty million members and candidate-members of the Party. These figures speak for them- selves... The question of Party mem- bership was heatedly debated. Certain delegates claimed that Party membership did not entail belonging to-a Party organiza- tion. According to them, it was sufficient to take part in Party work and to assist it. Lenin thought otherwise. He held that in a working-class Party there must be firm discip- line; a Party member must be- long to _a Party organization and SOPUUEUNUUOLSUUUSEREQUGQEGUUUAUGEUGAUECURDREONEDSUOUOEEOLUGOUOOUREAOUOOUUEUEOEOODSEEOOCOROOOECEE UNESCO RESOLUTION On November 19, 1968, the General Conference of UNESCO, at its fifteenth session adopted resolution 3.112 in which it authorized the Director-General to initiate activities to com- memorate the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin, including the organization of a symposium on the theme “Lenin and the development of science, culture and education.” The resolu- ‘ion on this question included the following provisions: “(c) to initiate certain activities within the Program for 1969-1970, including the organization of a symposium on the theme: ‘Lenin and the development of science, culture and education’; and in 1970, “(d) to participate, at their request, in Member States’ ‘activities with similar aims.” Subsequently, on 13 March 1969, the Commission on Human -Rights, at its twenty-fifth session, adopted the following reso- lution, resolution 16 (XXV), on the commemoration of the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin: ' “The Commission on Human Rights, “Having considered item 9 of its agenda on the realiza- tion of economic and social rights, contained in the Univer- sal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, “Taking into account the resolution adopted on November 19, 1968 by the General Conference of the United Na- tions Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, according to which the Director-General of that organiza- tion was authorized to initiate some arrangements on the occasion of the centenary of V. I. Lenin and in particular to organize the symposium ‘V. I. Lenin and the problems of development of science, culture and education’, “Noting the significant practical and theoretical contribu- tion of Lenin, prominent humanist, to the development and realization of economic, social and cultural rights, “Bearing in mind the centenary of Lenin, which will occur “1, Welcomes the decision of the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Orga- ization to make arrangements on the occasion of the cen- - tenary of Lenin. and notes the historical influence of his humanistic ideas and activity on the development and reali- zation of economic, social and cultural rights; . “2. Requests the Chairman-of the Commission on Human Rights to enter into consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on the participation, in accordance with the procedure of that organization, of a representative of the Commission in the symposium to be organized on the occa- sion of the centenary of V. I. Lenin.” = " SUUTLLUCUUERUELEUUUELETEEUOLEEELETEEELELEEELEGELELTEELEEOETAUTEOUEEEEDEERESUESOUESSESUUDEREDEDEDE Ag take an active part in its work. A Party member must abide by the Party’s decisions. It could not be otherwise. The Party is an advanced contingent of the working class and should dis- play ; high level of activity and ; on. Debates flared up on other is- sues, too, but Lenin firmly and consistently defended his view point. His position was support- ed by many large Party commit- tees. The opportunists, in pro- test against the rejection of their proposals, walked out of the Congress. But they were in a minority. After that Lenin’s ‘sup- porters, who had received a majority of votes, began to be known as Bolsheviks (from the Russian —§ word bolshinstvo, meaning ‘“majority’), while Lenin’s opponents who were in the minority became known as Mensheviks (from menshinstvo, or minority). : The setting up of a Russian working-class Marxist Party was RSDLP Congress. It was this the chief result of the Second party that led the country to proletarian revolution. For this reason the Second Congress was a turning point in the world labor movement. ‘The struggle that developed at that Congress continued for a long time, and Lenin consist- ently upheld the principles of Marxism, the interests of the working class. He mercilessly de- nounced those who were distort- ing Marxism, mouthing “left” phraseology to prove how “revo- lutionary” they were, but in fact were betraying the interests of the working class. Lenin’s opposition to the op- portunists served as a good les- son for the entire communist movement. Opportunism must be opposed. It is necessary to be ever firm ahd unswerving in the struggle for a united party of the working class. PACIFIC TRIBUNE—JANUARY 30, 1970—Page .