mee then there had - been @; minor changes due to ero- ) by water, to volcanoes, Mhquakes, and so on, with one exception of Noahs fla, which had covered the PRE careful examination [howed that many rocks 5 have been laid down very. Jy in still water, and that ireds of sets, of extinct hals. In fact, a hundred Ss ago geologists generally Bht that the rocks had been fually laid down in an or- way. is theory works pretty stor most of England. If we if one deposit above another example, the London clay 2 the chalk, we can he Bcnough that the lower one stormed first. does not work for the great sill in: Northumberland, np is due to an under- gid flow of lava which has @1 the sedimentary rocks . and below it. Of course, face flow only bakes the } below it, as there is noth- j Dove to bake. where. great mountain S are investigated we find ocks pushed over newer and sometimes whole turned upside down. This sirst detected in the Alps, iter in Scotland and Bel- where the remnants of hain ranges much older | ne Alps, and almost com- % worn away, were dis- d. We now Imow that it “ty general. RN geolosists think im ‘ms of revolutions. The is not mine, but theirs. ‘Haye been about three of ‘revolutions in the last amdred million years, and eight in the earlier his- » the earth. Each revolu- tilt a number of -moun- (ains in different parts of wid. : last one produced the “yas in Asia, the Alps “ope and the Cordilleras erica. Some geogolists divide it into two stages. € mountain building is fing on, but we seem to f its climax, and we may - that during the next ii million years or so ins will be worn down ethan built up. Bmost violent revolution- Singes are to be looked the building of the high- fintain chain, the Hima- nd Sir E. B. Bailey, the * of the British Geolo— avey, has recently inter- tthe findings on this =f two Swiss geologists, fod Gansser, and the In- is known of the geo- § of the Himalayas, since tan and Nepalese gov- do not want their FS to be developed by LONDON. capitalist imperialism, as they might well be if valuable min- erals were found in them. Thé most interesting area which has been fully studied is that around Kiogar, between the upper courses of the Gan- ges and Sutlej. Where valleys are several miles deep, the op- portunities for working out the structure of the mountains are of course, very good. a) [- becomes fairly clear that Tibetan mesozoie rocks with fossils like some in Bavaria were pushed bodily over young- er rocks formed a long way farther south. In between them there are volcanic rocks, but telling a very aueer story. The lower layers consist of lava with the characteristics only found when it has flowed out under the sea, interspersed with the skeletons of one-celled animals which only accumulate in deep ocean. But above these are volcanic rocks of a terrest.- rial type, pushing up through the sediments “above them jin narrow veins, like the quartz veins which are so common in Cornwall and Many parts of - Scotland. [X fact, Tibet has been pushed over India, which has slipped below it and lifted it up. In the early stages there was a deep and narrow sea in front of the advancing edge of Tibet, stud- ded with underwater volcanoes, such as are not rare in the Pa_ cifie. Later these were overrun. From a geological point of view the Himalayas at Kiogar are in an almost indescribable mess. Huge blocks of rock sev-. eral miles long have been torn away, perhaps by landslips, and Geology and Genesis i By J. B. S. HALDANE, Fellow of the Royal Society R. BAILEY has not yet ac- cepted the theory which is today the great geological heresy, but may be generally accepted in another generation, the theory that the continents have drifted for thousands of miles over melted matter be- low them like slag on the top of a mass of molten metal.-Its Strongest adherent today is probably the South African geologist du Toit. On this theory Africa, South America, India, Australia and Antarctica were once joined to- gether. They have drifted apart, and the pressure of Af- rica against Europe made the Alps and _ Pyrenees, while the northern tip of India went bodily under Tibet. This theory certainly ex- plains a lot of facts. For exam- ple, the world’s main deposits of diamonds are in South Af- rica, and in the part of Brazil which once fitted on to it. The ice-formed rocks in India, Africa and Australia which are now in hot regions were laid down by glaciers near the South Pole, and so on.- Geologists are becoming more ready to believe in very. large changes in the earth’s surface in the remote past. Much the same changes have taken place in anthropological theory. We no longer ascribe all our evils to a woman eating an apple m a garaen 6,000 years ago. But we ean attribute many of them to the origin of class society first in one part of the earth and then in another, dur- ing the last ten thousand years. This meant division of labor and greater production, but it also meant a huge growth of oppression and selfishness. We can no more accept the details of the Garden of Eden than of Noah’s flood; but we can agree that there have been rapid and worldwide changes in geography and, at a very much P. A. Features, February 24 — Page 13 = Zi SINCE WAR BEGAN CANADA HAS PRODUCED MORE THAN 750.000 MOTOR AND ARMOURED VEHICLES <. CANADA MAINTAINS | 22 - 7 EMBASSIES, 8 LEGATIONS, ss HIGH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICES HAL, EEE EE LAA. LLL. The Masterpiece (Most respectfully dedicated to the inimitable Paul Robeson— z and his matchless art.) Thru that vast quarry I’d term EVERY WHERE Went forth a sculptress with acumen rare, And there espied a crude and slighted stone : Off to itself, —conspicuously alone. “Superb, indeed,” quoth she, “appears this rock Which other artists find it joy to mock; I'll start this day to cut it into form And let it take the world of art by, stom =. ¢ “Twas done, and—lIo! with deep chagrin and smirk Her rivals all were forced to praise her work. They wondered at the strong, determined will Found in the product of her marv’ lous skill, - And in the mighty grandeur of the same Each felt a jealous loss of pers nal fame. The sculptress was NATURE, grand and supreme, But no one had even the faintest dream That, when this genius at her task began, The masterpiece would be ‘““The Great Black Man”! embedded in younger strata. _ later date, in human society. < —By MILTON P. FULLER, Vancouver Negro poet. G GEE--- JUMBOE } 17'S ALL RIGHT} [wHaTS AW--THE SO YOU'RE OUT OFA ITS Mane GOSH! DONT KID! TAIN'T _4 |WITH | SKippER \ | JoB---C’MON TO MY GEE--THANKS! ) woRKine! af Hit ME “PLEASE? / SORE! SaaS ys fi : ON BOARD THE MISTY QUEEN’ FARREL OF THE] ———= LATER--AT JUMBO'S JOINT | —— ae GT. AND THE SKIPPER DISCUSS JOHNNIE---| [HES A CREDIT TO SO YOU'RE ITS ALL INA, KEEP YOUR EYE ON JONES, THE AMERICAN ON JUMBO'S =. _ DAY'S WORK, EH, PETE! IT DON'T TRUST _¢ THAT ix