Page Four THE PEOPLE’S ADVOCATE April 7, 19; ; Some Machines That Aid Science and Industry ‘§.B.S.’ Traces the Evolution of Science Lab- oratory Equipment into Machines That Make industrial Development Possibie. By PROF. J. B. S. HALDANE, E.R:S. OME machines are first used in industry and then in science. For example the windmill was used for grinding corn, and then a small scale windmill called an anemometer was used to measure the speed of the wind. Sometimes things are the other way round. Thus most of the instruments ending in meter were originally used by scientists for measuring. The thermometer and barometer are still used for measuring by ordinary people. But the gasometer, which was originally a laboratory dodge for measuring friction, and is set spinning by a gas over water, is pow used for storing it, More usually there is give and take. The X-ray tube was first a laboratory invention, then used in medicine and industry. It was so much improved and cheapened that it came back to the laboratory hardly recognizable. An apparatus which has escaped out of the laboratory into industry in the last generation is the centri- fuge, or cream separator, and one which will escape soon is the ultra- centrifuge. In the ordinary centri- fuge we can put a liquid contain- ing particles lighter or heavier than itself, for example blood or milk. The liquid is put in a cup which is spun round, and the heay— jest part flies outward. For ex- ample in the case of blood the red corpuscles are thrown outwards be— eause they are heavier than the rest. But with milk the drops of eream, which are lighter, are left behind in the middle while the skim-milk goes to the outside @ TILI. more powerful separators will bring down bacteria. So if we had a sufficiently strong one, the Swedish physicist Svedberg argued, we could separate sugar or any other dissolved substance from water, for the dissolyed sugar con- sists of particles, which are a lot smaller than bacteria, but still have a perfectly definite size and weight Svedberge began on fairly large molecules, such as those of haemo- globin, the red substance in blood. Wis latest type of ultra-centrifuge is a wheel about two inches in diameter. It is supported on hori- zontal bearings, and spun by twin oil turbines at each end of the shaft. Tt spins in an atmosphere of hydrogen at a pressure of about one-fortieth of an atmosphere. At this low pressure it offers little re- sistance, but carries off the heat made by the turbines and bearings. This wheel can spin round any- thing up to 140,000 times per min- ute, so its edge is moving rather faster than the fastest airplane. And if 2 liquid is put in special cells bored in this wheel the sep- aratinge force is 700,000 times that of gravity. Waturally enough the whole thing must be enclosed in armor plate, for if it flies to pieces it may cause a bad accident. With this ultra-centrifuge the size of protein molecules has been accurately determined, and the half-living chemical agents of diseases such as vaccinia (cowpox) in man, and mosaic disease in to- bacco have been prepared in a pure state, although their particles are far too small to be seen with the microscope. e NOTHER kind of ultra-centri- fuge was invented by Henriot and Huguenard in France. This is shaped like a “put and take” top, and nearly, but not quite fits into a conical hole. It spins round on a film of air or stream blown out obliquely in jets through the hole. These tops are very much cheaper than Svedberg’s apparatus, and have been used for a number of purposes. For example, a mirror placed on one of them will give over a million flashes per minute, and can be used for ultra-slow mo- tion pictures of electric sparks. But the most amazing develop- ment is the axial magnetic sus- pension invented by Holmes and Beams of the University of Vir- ginia. its axis is a steel needle “which is hung below a solenoid, that is to say, an electromagnet without a core. Its position is regu- Jated by a beam of light which is cut off if the centrifuge falls be- low 2 certain level, and thus turns on more current. The whole thing is in 2 high vacuum to abolish air magnet on a Henriot top. Here at least is something like a frictionless bearing. Not quite frictionless. But when left to spin it only lost one five-thousandth of its speed in a minute. So it would take about two days to lose half its speed. Compare this with any other kind of bearing, and you will have litle doubt that the principle will some day be applied in industry. @ TT Sse centrifuges are already being applied in chemistry. Chlorine is a mixture of two ele ments whose atoms weigh 35 and 37 times as much as a hydrogen atom. Their chemical properties are so close that there was no way of separating them. But this can be done, though not yet completely, by spinning. It is quite possible that in an- other 50 years spinning will super- sede chemical methods and those depending on heat for separating substances in industry. For example, in distilling spirits we make use of the fact that al- cohol boils more easily than water, and therefore comes off first when @ mixture is boiled. It may be more economical to use the fact that al- cohol is lighter than water, and can be spun out of it as cream is spun out of milk. In the same way salt can be largely removed from seawater. We are still a long way from such industrial applications, and monopolists will probably hold them up for some time when they become economically possible. However within the lifetime of some of us the industrial ultra- centrifuge and the frictionless mag- netic bearing should cease to be laboratory curiosities and become part of the technique of large-scale production. SEATTLE ACTS ON SCRAP IRON SEATTLE, Wash.—Local peace and church groups who had stopped loading of scrap iron aboard the India Maru for six days during the iatter part of March, turned their attention this week to pressing the US Congress into ban- ning cargo to aggressor nations. Considerable impetus was given the campaign by last weekend's mass meeting at the Senator Audi- torium, addressed by ministers, educators, trade unionists and re- presentatives of women’s groups. W. ©. Priestly, one of the organ- izers of the picketing, paid a glow- ing tribute to union longshoremen who had refused to crash the peace picket line. Priestly, a Rotarian and a mem- ber of the Seattle Chamber of Com- merce and the China Club, de- clared: “The longshoremen have shown more vision and patriotism than anyone in Seattle. I take my hat off to them.” Rev. E. L. Carter, who divided his time between the pulpit and the picket line during the week long Vigil at Pier 41, was among the speakers at the mass meeting who urged congressional action to halt America’s participation in Japan’s aggression. Picketing was halted in response to pressure from Mayor Langlie, who said he was “sympathetic” and admitted that a “moral issue” was involve,d but demanded a with- drawal of pickets on the grounds that a port tie-up was threatened. His demand was agreed to primar- ily to protect longshoremen’s union agreements. Boycott Japanese Goods* Around BC MISSION LABOR MOVES TO UNITY IN ELECTIONS CP Constituency Meeting Discusses Selection Candidate MISSION, BC, April 5.—An analysis of the Leadership League was delivered to repre- sentatives of the Mission fed- eral constituency by Fred Carr, Fraser Valley organizer of the Communist Party, last week. Carr urged the representatives from Haney, Matsqui and Mission to study the McCullagh movement and not just brand it as fascist al- though it has those potentialities, but to expose it as a movement of big business which is using George MeCullegh, Globe and Mail pub- lisher, as a front. The party organizer pointed out the necessity of building a demo- cratic movement on a new basis with a concrete program and plan of action. A provisional constitu- ency committee was set up with J. LitHle as temporary chairman to approach the GCF club and trade union groups in the constituency with a view to broadening out and selecting a progressive candidate to contest the election. A May Day meeting will be held in this city on the evening of Sunday, April 30. Plan Health Service MAPLE RIDGE, BC, April 5. Steps are being taken now to es- tablish a health service for indi- gent and unemployed people. Coun- cilors Ansell, Laity and Larson are working on the scheme and have been assured of the fullest coopera- tion of all doctors in the munici- palit.y A May Restore Civic Wage Cuts WANAIMO, BC, April 5—Moves for restoration of civic employees’ pay cuts were tabled in the City Council pending arrangements be- tween the finance committee and Hon. John Hart, Minister of Fin- ance, for some agreement on the city’s sinking fund. The report asked that one-half of the salary cuts be restored to civic employees with the exception of the fire department, construction foreman, mechanic and tractor operator. Make Survey For Housing Act COURTENAY, BC, April 5.—Sur- vey of the district will be com- menced within the next two weeks in response to the Courtenay—Comox Board of Trade’s request for ex- tension of the Dominion Housing Act to this district. Mr. Clarke, loan inspector for the Sun Life As- On Parliament Hill MP Urges Construction Of Alaska | Highway As Big Defensive Measure | Demands for construction of the Alaska Highway as a defense measure, for an embai’ on war materials to aggressor nations, and for Canada’s right to work out its own fore | policy independently of Downing Street featured contributions to the debate on foreign affa | which occupied the attention of the Ottawa House early this week. Howard Green, Conservative-Vancouver South, was a member who urged the governmi to okeh the Alaska Highway, coupling this with a plea for a defensive alliance between Cana) @and the United States and other® =| 60-Cent Wheat Is Opposed Federal Farm Program To Aid Cooperatives surance, will make the survey, the board learned. OTTAWA, Ont.—The federal severnment’s new farm aid pro- gram was announced Wednesday by Hon. J. G Gardiner, Minister of Agriculture. The new govern- ment policy was divided into four major points, providing for wheat acreage bonus, 60 cents a bushel guarantee for wheat, assistance to cooperative marketing enter- prises, and deductions from west- erm grain marketings presumably to be applied to crop insurance. The wheat acreage bonus will range from $1 an acre for crops bearing 15 bushels to the acre to $2.50 an acre for crops averaging less than five bushels to the acre. Assistance to cooperatives in- cludes a premium of one or two cents a pound for top grades of cheese, aid te butter production through provision for coopera- tive creameries, and improve— ment of beef cattle production. While farmers acknowledge that several points in the pro- fram will be of a beneficial na- ture, sharp opposition which is expected to result in a prairie- wide uproar greeted the an- nouncement on the pegging of wheat at 60 cents. Farm organizations in all parts of the wheat belt are up in arms, as well as provincial administra- tions in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The government’s experiment last year in pegging wheat at 80 cents resulted in dis- aster to many farmers, who main- tained that even at that price they were unable to realize any- thing on their crops. At the 60- cent price, they say, there will be little use in planting a crop. NEW WESTMINSTER, April 5. —Despite a counter attraction at the Arena on the same evening, the Klondyke night sponsored by the Pacific Coast Fishermen’s Union and the Workers’ Alliance in the Legion Hall, March 24, net- ted over $297. The PCFU received $22.98 and the Alliance $74.32 as their shares. Langley Reliet Ask Uniform Scale For Workers The organization also seeks to« have the rate for single men set at $12.60 monthly and unemployed women at 50 cents a day. At the present time the standard in this municipality is about one-third less than the figures stated. Of 2a 7000 population, 14 percent are drawing relief and with this lowered relief the tendency is to further impoverish the municipal- ity, the organization points out To offset this the members are dis- tributing copies of their program, urging the populace to petition Reeve Hope for a larger relief grant in order to get a- large amount from the federal and pro- yvincial governments. Starting April 1 the federal and provincial governments each con- tribute 40 percent to the munici- palitys 20 percent, While the Langley Ratepayers and Workers’ LANGLEY PRAIRIE, BC, April 5—Establishment of a uni- form provincial scale of relief that will provide married recipi- ents with $18.75 monthly with an additional $4.75 for each child is the goal set by the Langley Ratepayers and Workers Ass’n. Association is agitating for a larg- er relief scale, it also requests that a public works program be insti- tuted. Embargo Subject Of Symposium Final program arranged by the Vancouver Public Library Adult Education Committee will take place Sunday, April 9, at 3 p.m., in First Unitarian Church, 1550 West Tenth, when a symposium will be given on “Embargo and Boycott.” Mrs. J. Stuart Jamieson will act as chairman and the panel mem- bers will be: Dr. W. G. Black, Mr. Worman Brown, Mr. John Gibbard and Dr. H. V. Warren. Mr. L. C. Oades will preside. The symposium will last one hour, and a half hour will be allowed for questions. SEMI-DISPLAY CLASSIFIED BARRISTER DENTISTS GARFIELD A. KING BARRISTER, ETC. 5b3 Granville Street SEymour 1324Vancouver, B.C. Dr. W. J. Curry DENTIST | 603 BIRES BLDG. Phone: SEymour 3001 BILLIARDS MIT. PLEASANT BILLIARD HALL and BARBER SHOP Everything in Smokers’ Supplies Cigars — Cigarettes — Pipes Lighters — Ete. 2341 MAIN STREET DENTIST OUGLA D°A-D @FEY- 5577. Me. RICHARDS & HASTINGs PUBLICATIONS. LUA BU VWwWSSEBewBWSBVVwVsextsetie’Bbsevd QWEDISH PEOPLE in British Columbia should read and pport their own newspaper .. su Nya Svenska Pressen Now Only $1.00 per Year Office: 144 West Hastings Street BAB xArVSVBBVVVSEVWVsVEtit tet eesvsEs 6 fABBaaanaaaay BABBABBABBAS Millworkers — Shingleweavers— Loggers ... Tune in — Green Gold Program, CJOR, every Tuesday, 7:45 p.m. “The B.C. Lumber Worker” Organ of the LW.A. 16 E. Wastings St., Vancouver STEAM BATHS = 9 Ris PeS3 af: 4 bo British countries on the Pacific. “This government has always overlooked the effect that a firm stand in foreign affairs would have on our friends, our potential enemies and our own people,” Green declared. “A policy of no commitments is neither safe nor sane.”’ T. CG. Douglas, CCE-Weyburn, urged a complete embargo on war materials as Canada’s most effec- tive contribution to the cause of peace. “A mad dog is and I submit we the CCE member said. Grant MacNeil, CCE member for Vancouver WNonth, unged the gov- ernment to carry out its promise ef no conscription for Huropean wars by amending the Militia Act which permits the Govyvernor—Gen- eral to put militia on active service and to impose conscription. “Powers of conscription are still written into the laws of Canada,” he said. CNR Shows Decrease In Operating Costs A decrease in operating expenses of $4,613,546 in 1938, despite an in- erease in wages and materials costs, was effected by the manage- ment of the Canadian Wational Railways, S. J. Hungerford, presi- dent, stated in the annual report of the railway system tabled in the House. This reduction, however, was not sufficient to offset the decline in revenues due to continuation of the economic recession. Net operating revenue for 1938 was $6,066,411, a decrease of $11,541,339 over 1937. Interest payments in 1938 on funded debt were $49,839,023 as compared with $48,888,546 for 1937. loose in Europe, gave him teeth,” OTTAWA. TAXBOOST — —Royal City property owners £ jf the unpleasant prospect of a fj J mill increase in the present rate of 65 mills, according to revised budget laid before ij week’s city council meeting. Fiji) decision on the increase was tab |} for future discussion. yy In addition to the increased { (4 on land, other proposals in ee budget-call for an increase in {jj library tax, a boost in garbage q ‘@ lection charges, a sprinkling tax —=— 50 cents monthly during the su j mer, higher trades license fees @ 4 taxes on professional men. { In the first budget estimate ¢ 4 penditures were $1,517,470 but t.§ amount has now been cut to $1,238 § 162, which will produce a balanc . Provision has been made in f new budget for partial payment the general sinking fund leyy. @ and a half mills of the tax bor | will be levied for increased sche” costs. : $360,000 For BC Mining Roads British Columbia may rece $240,000, plus a Joan of $1206 F towards improving roads in mink ¢ districts, according to suppleme < ary estimates tabled in the Hoe this week. The same amount W } spent here in 1938. Out of the $360,000, roads will constructed and improved in & || following districts: Extension of the Manson Gre road: continuation of roads Cariboo, Zeballos. ‘ of y CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING ADVERTISING RATES Classified, 3 lines 35c. Weekly contract rates on application. BICYCLES AND REPAIES BICYCLES, NEW AND USED — Baby Carriages, Sulkies, Doll Car- riages, Joycycles. Repairing of all kinds. Saws filed, keys cut, etc. W. M. Ritchie, 1569 Commercial Drive. Highland 4123. CAFES THE ONLY FISH — ALL EONDS ef Fresh Sea Food. Union House. 20 East Hastings St. REX CAFE JULCY STEAKS, Oysters, Chops, etc. One friend tells another. 6 East Hastings St. CHIMNEY SWEEPING $1.50 CLEANS MAIN FLUE Pipes, Furnace, Stove. Licensed. FRaser 1370. CHIROPRACTORS WM. BRAIDWOOD, D.C. NERVE Specialist. 510 West Hastings St. SEymour 2677. Evenings, High- land 2240. DANCES EMBASSY BALLROOM, Davie at Burrard. Old Time Dancing, Tues., Thurs., Sat. Ambassadors Orch. DENTISTS DR. BH. GC ANDERSON—ALL NA’ ural methods of treatment, sui as diet, massage manipulatiz esteopathy and electrotherap: Free consultation and examin tion. 768 Granvilie St. SEy. 53: PERSONAL DENTAL PLATES REPATRE! $5 and up. Rebuilt $1 and t. New Method Dental Lab., 163 } Hastings St. SEymour 6612. BIRTH CONTROL BUREAU G B.C., Dept. PA, 441 Seyme Street, Vancouver, B.C. Inform tion FREE.- Write for Literatur POOLECOMS % THE PLACE TO MEET YOU | friends — Europe Poolroom, 2 East Hastings St FOR RENT—HBHAELS \ FOR RENT —For socials, partie meetings, upper floor Orang | Hall, 341 Gore Ave., Sey. 6537. é — ROOMS FOR RENT ALBERTA ROOMS — Housekeeyt ing, sleeping; every convenienc Reasonable rates. 655 Robson St cor. Granville. SEymour 0461. # Haga, Prop. ut RICH BLOCK, 800 East Hastingi Hi gh. 0029. Furnished Suites am Rooms. Moderate rates. : — —— DR. A. J. SIPES, DENTIST Plate Specialist. Lowest Prices. 680 Robson St. TRinity 5716. FOR SALE USED CARS — LATE MODELS— Priced around $150. Easy terms. White Spot Service Station, 8091 $8.00, with enamelled hopper Granville St. phone LAngara Lake & WNinnis Sheet Mett: 0683. Res., LAngara 0365-M. Works. i 74 SAWDUST BURNERS ; GENULNE “LEADER” BURNER! 323 Alexander St, at Ray, TRinity 0390. 4 DO YOU KNOW THAT YOU CAI buy a sawdust burner for onl FUEL SHOE REPATRS HONEST VALUE FUELS—FATR. 0469. Edgings No. 1, $3.25 per cord. Slabs, Heavy Fir, $3.75 per cord. JOHNSON’S SHOE REPATRS - All work guaranteed. Reasonab! prices. 105642 W. Pender Stree FUNERAL DIRECTORS ARMSTRONG & CO., FUNERAL Directors. 304 Dunlevy. High. 9141. HELP WANTED — FEMALE HOUSERKEEBPER FOR FARM — 40-45, for country; good cook, must be able to bake bread. Send particulars and wages expected. Henry R. Young, Australian, Cariboo, BG. STATIONERY IF YOU NEED STATIONER for school, home or office us get it at the New Age Bookshe Anything in the line of stationer at moderate prices. Call at 50 East Hastings Street. | TYPEWRITERS AND SUPPLE, GEO. DONOVAN — Typewriter | Adding Machines, Cash Register SEymour 9393, 508 W. Pender 'S’ — Hastings Steam Baths Always Open Expert Masseurs in Attendance Hi ghiand 0240 764 EK. Hastings — STUDICS Prome SEY. 17Ss3 -R WAND STUDIO We Photograph Anything, Anytime No.8 E. HASTINGS VANCOUVER, B.C. Anywhere — MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS REPATR STRING, BRASS, REED instruments, accordions, concer tinas. Bows repaired. W. Nez dropa, High. 3657, 543 EH. Hast- ings St. TAILORS M. DONG, TAILORS, former! Horseshoe Tailors now at 8 We! Cordova St. TRinity 6024 ACCORDIONS MADE TO ORDER and general repairs. Vancouver Accordion Shop. J. Bordignon, 347 East Hastings. SEy. 1854. kinds, made to measure. Patterr designed. Yukon Uniform Ge i Fast Pender St. MONUMENTAL MAIN MONUM™MENTS—SAVE money here. Estimates for ceme- WATCH REPAIRS WATCH AND CLOCK REPAIR tim. f i tery lettering. 1920 Main Street. ices ee 3S Stele 25) a NATUROPATHIC PHYSICIAN SEE DR. DOWNIE FOR RHEU- Patronize Our matism, Sciatica, Lumbago. Room = 7 — 163 West Hastings St. Advertisers! .